Cited by 142Gender and Feminist StudiesLGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyShort Stories in Global Literature

Introduction

Open access
Bassi, Serena, LaFleur, Greta·2022·TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This introduction argues that twenty-first-century TERF/gender-critical and anti-gender movements are best understood as a “postfascist feminism” that syncretically combines fascist tropes, neoliberalism, and elements of liberal feminism. It frames trans exclusion as a complex palimpsest rather than a merely reactionary anti-feminist project, and introduces a special issue on these movements and alliances.

Key findings

  • The authors propose “postfascist feminism” and “a postfascist feminism of the 99 percent” to describe gender-critical/TERF politics: an injured mass of “normal women” defined by ontologically understood gendered identification, replacing class-based feminist solidarity with a shared self-definition as biologically overdetermined and authentically gendered subjects.
  • They argue gender-critical movements repackage right-wing populist oppositions between “corrupt global elites” and “the people” into “genderists” versus “normal everyday people”; the “genderists” include trans celebrities and athletes, reproductive rights activists, women/gender/sexuality studies scholars, the European Union, and liberal foundations like the Open Society.
  • They trace historical continuities between contemporary trans-exclusionary rhetoric and fascist tropes, especially the Fascist Italy/Nazi Germany “crisis-woman” and degeneracy/perversion anxieties, which resurface in claims about women’s safety, bathrooms, and sports.
  • They insist that trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms, not simply anti-feminist movements, and must be historicized alongside white supremacist, imperialist, and liberal feminisms; the special issue examines alliances including second-wave US feminists and Zionism, online atheist groups and TERFs, and French materialist feminists and European religious conservatives.

Methods

  • Design: theoretical and editorial introduction to a TSQ special issue; it advances a framing argument through conceptual and historical synthesis rather than empirical research.
  • Data/sample: cites secondary scholarship, media, legal, and political examples, including the October 2018 US Department of Health and Human Services memo, the UK Gender Recognition Act reform process after a 2015 parliamentary inquiry, the Vatican’s 2006 Lexicon, and Soule v. CIAC; the special issue includes essays discussing trans-exclusionary politics in the United States, England, Japan, and France.
  • Main analysis: builds on Enzo Traverso’s “postfascism,” Ernst Bloch on fascism as cultural synthesis, and decades of woman-of-color, Third World, and Black feminist critiques to argue that gender-critical movements function as a large-scale translation process producing “postfascist feminism of the 99 percent.”

Limitations

  • The paper states that the special issue offers “no definitive conclusions” and that received essays clustered around relatively well-studied sites, primarily the United States and England, with additional essays on Japan and France; the editors’ original vision of many countries, languages, and translations was not realized, and the issue cannot offer a comprehensive account of trans-exclusionary politics.
  • Evident from the text: as an introduction/editorial, it presents a framing argument and illustrative examples rather than systematic empirical evidence or a complete survey of gender-critical movements.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1215/23289252-9836008

Cites

52 of 52 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

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  • Findingown data
    § The Nature of Feminism

    There is a persistent sense, especially among white Americans or other scholars in the global North, that feminism is an incontrovertible political good that needs to be saved from supposedly feminist bad actors.

    “But the volume of this genre of submissions illustrates, to our mind, the problem: there is still a persistent sense, especially among white Americans or other scholars situated in the global North, that feminism is an incontrovertible political good that, while perhaps requiring some tweaks, needs to be saved from those supposedly feminist bad actors that speak, without legitimation, in its name.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    A number of conservative gender-critical activists are advocating their position speaking emphatically as women.

    “a number of conservative gender-critical activists are advocating their position speaking emphatically as women: for example, popular European Catholic personalities like the German pro-life sociologist Gabriele Kuby (Kovats and Peto 2017: 117-18), the Italian blogger and chick-lit writer Costanza Miriano (Evolvi 2022), and the Belgian theologian and thinker Marguerite Peeters (Bracke, Dupont, and”
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  • Interpretationreasoning
    § Introduction

    The gender-critical movement as a whole is an increasingly successful attempt to initiate something that should be understood as a distinctively postfascist feminism.

    “The driving objective of this special issue is to start a collective conversation on the gender-critical movement as a whole by engaging it as an increasingly successful attempt to initiate something that, we propose, should be understood as a distinctively postfascist feminism.”
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  • Interpretationreasoning
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    Gender critical discourse juxtaposes a vulnerable and silenced homogenous mass of 'real women' to pathological individuals who are neither authentically female nor male.

    “In this instance, gender critical discourse attempts to juxtapose a vulnerable and silenced homogenous mass of”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    National and racial formations are woven through the normative sexual and gender formations that the anti-gender movement sees itself as defending.

    “Importantly and unsurprisingly, national and racial formations are also woven through the normative sexual and gender formations that the anti-gender movement sees itself as defending.”
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    Findingnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Political fearmongering about the threat that gender diversity poses to the political and social order frequently returns to invocations of the putative threat to women and children.

    “political fearmongering about the threat that gender diversity poses to the political and social order frequently returns to invocations of the putative threat to”
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    Findingnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Trans-exclusionary positions have emerged most loudly at moments when feminist movements have insisted on the centrality of trans liberation to their cause.

    “trans-exclusionary positions have emerged most loudly at moments when feminist movements have insisted on the centrality of trans liberation to their cause.”
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    Findingcitation
    § The Nature of Feminism

    These facts about Mitchell's success have not been as effective as invoking the specter of trans girl runners as the harbingers of the future downfall of all women's sports.

    “But these facts clearly have not been as effective as simply invoking the specter of trans girl runners as the harbingers of the future downfall of all women's sports”
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    Findingcitation
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Chelsea Mitchell admits she is a very successful runner who has beaten transgender girls in high school races many times, including Terry Miller.

    “Mitchell admits that she is actually a very successful runner who has beat transgender girls in high school races many times, including Terry Miller, one of the trans girls named in the Soule lawsuit”
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    Findingcitation
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Mitchell's first-person article contains a subhead exhorting 'Don't Eliminate Women's Sports,' as if elimination was on the table.

    “Mitchell's (2021) first-person article (carefully placed on yahoo.com),”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Introduction

    The simplistic vignette of a clash of progressive feminist versus conservative anti-feminist ideas fails to capture the complexities of our current cultural moment.

    “But the simplistic vignette of a clash of progressive feminist versus conservative anti-feminist ideas fails to capture the complexities of our current cultural moment”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    From the outset, the first anti-gender thinkers were keen to not present themselves simply as reacting to queer and feminist social advancements, attempting instead to utilize the latter as opportunities to establish something of an alternative conceptual laboratory.

    “In fact, from the outset, the first anti-gender thinkers were keen to not present themselves simply as reacting to queer and feminist social advancements, attempting instead to utilize the latter as opportunities to establish something of an alternative conceptual laboratory.”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    In this discourse, trans womanhood is rendered as an example of individual behavior that is perverted and deviant, and cis womanhood is rendered as an ontological state whose normativity derives from its putative naturalness.

    “Importantly, both trans and cis womanhood are here rendered in highly ideological ways: the former as an example of individual behavior that is perverted and deviant and the latter as an ontological state whose normativity derives from its putative naturalness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
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    Interpretationcitation
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    The articles in this special issue showcase a particular manifestation of what Traverso (2019) describes as 'postfascism,' a broad, open-ended and uneven cultural moment of political and cultural transition in which tropes and rhetorical fragments echoing pre-1945 fascist projects intersect heterogeneously with the current political culture of neoliberalism.

    “What these articles showcase, we argue, is a particular manifestation of what Enzo Traverso (2019) describes as”
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    • cites Traverso (2019)

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    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    Fascist movements, ideologies, and imaginaries that had been hastily declared defunct after 1945 seem to be having something of a powerful afterlife.

    “one in which fascist movements, ideologies, and imaginaries that had been hastily declared defunct after 1945 seem to be having something of a powerful afterlife (Eco 1995).”
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    • cites Eco 1995

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    Interpretationnone given
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    The story of gender-critical movement's opposition to Gender Theory is familiar to and has long been promulgated by right-wing pundits and movements across old and new media platforms alike.

    “If this story sounds like far-right conspiracy theorizing, that is because it is familiar to and has long been promulgated by right-wing pundits and movements across old and new media platforms alike.”
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    Premisecitation
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    Anatrella argued that Western societies that eagerly 'celebrate diversity' are waging a cultural war against the physical, psychological, and ontological differences between men and women.

    “In it, Anatrella argued that the same Western societies that eagerly”
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    • cites Stambolis-Ruhstorfer and Tricou 2017: 84

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    Premisecitation
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    In the late 1990s, French priest and psychoanalyst Tony Anatrella published La différence interdite: Sexualité, éducation, violence trente ans après Mai 68.

    “In the late 1990s, for example, French priest and psychoanalyst Tony Anatrella (1998) published La différence interdite: Sexualité, éducation, violence trente ans après Mai 68.”
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    • cites Tony Anatrella (1998)

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Introduction

    Much of what is under contestation in our current cultural moment is the meaning attributed to feminism itself.

    “one in which much of what is under contestation is the meaning attributed to feminism itself.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
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    Premisecitation
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    In Germany, the slogan 'Geisteskrankheit namens Gendermainstreaming' first advanced in 2014 by the far-right group Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes has reappeared in widely respected newspapers, magazines, and TV as part of the increasing circulation in mainstream media of gender-critical soundbites and talking points.

    “For example, in Germany the slogan”
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    • cites Haller and Holt 2019: 1677

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    • cites von Redecker 2016

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    Today we must attend to the syncretic soldering of the fascist 'crisis-woman' to the neoliberal 'at-risk' woman and even to particular varietals of liberal feminism.

    “the same”
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    • cites Banet-Weiser 2015 source

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    Premisenone given
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    When distinguished, the TERF movement and the anti-gender movement are only sometimes discussed alongside one another, even though the parallels are multiple.

    “and when distinguished are only sometimes discussed alongside one another, even though the parallels are multiple.”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    The process of repackaging 'gender' as postfascist politics involves a variety of social agents: parent groups, neofascist youth organizations, Catholic intellectuals, far-right publishers, pro-life activists, infotainment personalities, online content creators, and national political leaders.

    “The process of repackaging”
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    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    Gender critical thinking gets articulated, in other instances, as a timely piece of feminist militancy grounded on an essentialist story of womanhood as always already under threat: in danger, at risk, and in need of protection.

    “and, in others, as a timely piece of feminist militancy grounded on an essentialist story of womanhood as always already under threat: in danger, at risk, and in need of protection.”
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    • cites Kuhar and Paternotte 2017b

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    Premisecitation
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    The 'post' in Traverso's 'postfascism' should be read neither temporally nor as negating any kind of world-historical frame, but rather as drawing out the entrenched 'fascist potential' in supposedly democratic presents.

    “As Bray et al. (20203) remind us, the”
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    • cites Bray et al. (20203)

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    Premisecitation
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    Today proponents of trans exclusion are more likely to use a strategy of 'insidious concern' than a straightforward moral indictment of transness.

    “As Mickey Elster explains in this special issue, today proponents of trans exclusion are more likely to use what the author calls a strategy of”
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    • cites Mickey Elster

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    Premisenone given
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    TERFism is typically described as an originally fringe group of Anglophone-largely American, British, and Australian-1970s cultural feminism that has grown exponentially over the past decade partially due to heightened media exposure.

    “TERFism is typically described as an originally fringe group of Anglophonelargely American, British, and Australian-1970s cultural feminism that has grown exponentially over the past decade partially due to heightened media exposure.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    In all its multiple manifestations, gender-critical discourse ostensibly takes issue with the feminist theoretical notion that sex and gender are social and cultural inventions.

    “In all its multiple manifestations, gender-critical discourse ostensibly takes issue with the feminist theoretical notion that sex and gender are social and cultural inventions (Scott 2016: 300)”
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    • cites Scott 2016 source

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    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    The gender-critical trans-exclusionary feminist movement organized against the proposed changes to the GRA, causing the reform process to stall.

    “the gendercritical trans-exclusionary feminist movement organized against the proposed changes to the act, causing the reform process to stall (Pearce, Erikainen, and Vincent 2020: 678-79).”
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    • cites Pearce, Erikainen, and Vincent 2020

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    Premisecitation
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    Fascism entered the political arena, in the very first instance, as a 'powerful cultural synthesis' of a variety of conservative, liberal, and even progressive formations.

    “fascism entered the political arena, in the very first instance, as a”
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    • cites Bloch ([1935] 1977: 5)

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    What is being articulated in Anatrella's account is a distinctively right-wing anticapitalism which casts heteronormative cis women as the ultimate losers of modernization and, therefore, the potential vanguard in the resistance against it.

    “What is being articulated here is a distinctively right-wing anticapitalism which casts heteronormative cis women as the ultimate losers of modernization and, therefore, the potential vanguard in the resistance against it.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    Gender-critical discourse takes issue with the trans political vision for a world where a multitude of lives beyond the gender binary are both imaginable and rendered materially possible.

    “and, crucially, with the attendant trans political vision for a world where a multitude of lives beyond the gender binary are both imaginable and rendered materially possible.”
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    • cites Scott 2016 source

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    The supposed untranslatability of gender is an easily recognizable postfascist rhetorical device because refusing the possibility that a particular concept can be hybridized and rephrased in national languages other than English implicitly articulates the vision of a world made out of sovereign, linguistically and culturally uniform protectionist nations that will not bow down and assimilate putat

    “Much like the assemblage of fascist and neoliberal gendered figurations we have examined so far, the supposed untranslatability of gender is an easily recognizable postfascist rhetorical device: this is because refusing the possibility that a particular concept can be hybridized and rephrased in national languages other than English implicitly articulates the vision of a world made out of”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
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    Interpretationcitation
    § Understanding Postfascist Feminism: Anti-Gender and TERFism

    The anti-gender movement shows that the postfascist redefinition of democratic theory is occurring through the transformation of terms including gender, sexuality, nation, race, women, and transgender.

    “If, as Finchelstein (2019: 97) has suggested, today's right-wing movements that act within democratic national contexts are indeed engaged in a systematic”
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    • cites Finchelstein (2019: 97)

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    The gender-critical politicization of a true womanhood under threat by trans politics is genealogically coherent with multiple conservative moral panics and resilient fascist tropes and with the longue durée of liberal, bourgeois, white feminist exclusions perpetrated along racial and class lines.

    “In fact, the gender-critical politicization of a true womanhood under threat by trans politics is not only genealogically coherent with multiple conservative moral panics and resilient fascist tropes but also with the longue durée of liberal, bourgeois, white feminist exclusions perpetrated along racial and class lines.”
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    Premisenone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Many varietals of thinking about gender that have traveled under the name of feminism over the past 150 years have each had their critics.

    “This is not to say, of course, that the many varietals of thinking about gender that have traveled under the name of feminism over the past 150 years have not each had their critics.”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    This fearmongering is also an effort to consolidate a sense of cis womanhood as ontologically defined by a particular relationship to victimization.

    “it is just as much an effort to consolidate a sense of cis womanhood as ontologically defined by a particular relationship to victimization, the incursion of trans and otherwise gender-affirming politics being only the most recent perpetrator thereof.”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The project of doing feminism better has obscured critical questions about how we understand feminism itself.

    “The project of doing feminism better, we worry, has obscured a host of sobering but absolutely critical questions about how we understand feminism itself.”
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    Premisenone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    A common tenet of many feminisms is sustained attention to how embodied experience is accounted for and hierarchized in structures of power.

    “one common tenet-not universal, but common-of many feminisms is the importance of sustained attention to how embodied experience is accounted for, and frequently hierarchized, in structures of power”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    This latter approach to feminist politics is typically committed to the assumption of a coterminousness between womanhood and vulnerability, especially sexual vulnerability.

    “this latter approach to feminist politics is typically and profoundly committed to the assumption of a coterminousness between womanhood and vulnerability-especially sexual vulnerability.”
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    Premisenone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention in 1848 identified a set of priorities for women that were almost entirely unresponsive to the condition of Black and Native women.

    “That the Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention in 1848 identified a set of priorities for women that were almost entirely unresponsive to the condition of Black and Native women”
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    Premisenone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Neoliberal economics emphasizes flexibility, which manifests as an absorptive capacity and a tendency to take the shape of the political container it fills.

    “One of the hallmarks of what we might call this style of neoliberal economics is precisely its emphasis on flexibility, which manifests at times as an incredibly absorptive capacity, a tendency to take the shape of the political container it fills.”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Positing cis womanhood as under attack by trans people appeals to self-identified feminists while invoking paternalistic and protective approaches to womanhood, drafting them into transphobic and transmisogynist projects.

    “positing cis womanhood, as a putative experience, as under attack by trans people appeals to those who would call themselves feminists while also invoking older and more paternalistic and protective approaches to womanhood.It drafts those who would seek to protect”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Ringing the alarm around the putative victimization and endangerment of individual cis women draws on an age-old strategy in North American feminisms that has historically walked in step with white supremacy and nativism.

    “ringing the alarm around the putative victimization and endangerment of individual cis women draws on an age-old strategy, at least in the context of North American feminisms, and one that has historically walked neatly in step with white supremacy and nativism.”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    This position requires a belief in something akin to a reform politics.

    “This position requires a belief in something akin to a reform politics”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    There is a neat alignment between the interests of trans-exclusionary radical feminists and conservative litigators in presenting trans people, especially trans women, as an endemic threat to feminism and womanhood.

    “Here we can see the neat alignment between the interests of trans-exclusionary radical feminists and those of conservative litigators: through the recourse to the rhetoric of victimization or sheer elimination, they present trans people, and especially trans women, as an endemic threat to both feminism and womanhood more broadly.”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    White supremacist feminisms, such as those of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Margaret Sanger, are feminisms.

    “White supremacist feminisms-think of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Margaret Sanger, and other self-avowed feminists who advocated for racial eugenics, among other ideas -are feminisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
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    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The folding of trans-exclusionary politics into global right-wing movements is not a new or necessarily recent phenomenon.

    “this is not, in some ways, a new or even necessarily recent phenomenon.”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms have gained terrifying traction on a global scale over the last fifty or so years.

    “a recent (but not in any way new) formation of feminism that has gained terrifying traction on a global scale over the last fifty or so years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    In this postfascist feminism, feminist working-class solidarity is replaced by the idea that women should be brought together by a shared self-definition as biologically overdetermined and authentically gendered subjects, or normal women.

    “Here, in fact, feminist working-class solidarity seems to be replaced by the idea that what should instead bring women together is a shared self-definition as biologically overdetermined and authentically gendered subjects-in other words,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
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    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Critiques of how feminism has been invoked for pernicious ends have not yet spurred a careful enough reckoning with the enduringly ambivalent character of feminism.

    “Critiques of how feminism has, today and in earlier times, been invoked in service of a wide range of pernicious and anti-liberationist ends have somehow not yet spurred a careful enough reckoning with the enduringly ambivalent character of feminism.”
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    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Trans-exclusionary feminisms represent a rising tide of conservative feminism, a movement increasingly hailed by its proponents as something like a feminism of the 99 percent from a distinctively right-wing perspective.

    “Trans-exclusionary feminisms-in their manifold, quicksilver iterationsrepresent a rising tide of conservative feminism, a movement increasingly hailed by its proponents as something like a feminism of the 99 percent from a distinctively right-wing perspective.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The essays received for the special issue tended to cluster around well-studied sites, primarily the United States and England, with additional essays on Japan and France.

    “The essays that we received, however, tended to cluster around a host of fairly well-studied sites, relative to this phenomenon, primarily the United States and England, although the issue also contains essays from writers discussing trans-exclusionary politics in Japan and France.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Feminism is not one thing; there are endless varietals of feminist activism, theorizing, politics, and praxis.

    “Feminism is not, of course, one thing.There are endless varietals of feminist activism, theorizing, politics, and praxis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention was a feminist effort despite its unresponsiveness to Black and Native women.

    “does not mean it was not a feminist effort.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The self-evident nature of the idea that feminism is multiple has not been sufficiently absorbed into understanding of trans-exclusionary feminisms, gender-critical feminisms, or other veins of feminist thinking concerned with refuting trans women's womanhood.

    “somehow the self-evident nature of this idea has not, at least to our mind, been sufficiently absorbed into our understanding of trans-exclusionary feminisms, gender-critical feminisms, or other veins of feminist thinking that could broadly be characterized by an enduring concern with refuting the womanhood of trans women and contesting the legitimacy of trans experience as a whole.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The consistent recourse to the language of vulnerability and extinction foregrounds the concept of harm as central to feminist understanding of women's experience in patriarchy and to the optimal approach of feminism to law.

    “The consistent recourse to the language of vulnerability and extinction -”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Halley, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisenone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Neoliberalism, the structuring economic condition under which we currently live, demands deftness in the face of ambivalence and complexity.

    “The structuring economic conditions under which we currently liveneoliberalism -also demand incredible deftness in the face of ambivalence and complexity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Framing trans women as a threat to cis girls and women, often specifically a threat to sexual safety, insists on the exchangeability of woman and cis woman.

    “To frame trans women as a threat to cis girls and women-and often as specifically a threat to sexual safety, as advocates for trans-exclusionary bathroom bills have been wont to do-is to insist on the exchangeability of woman and cis woman”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § The Nature of Feminism

    If trans-exclusionary feminisms are at least fifty years old in the United States, then the importance of trans people to feminist political liberation is even more enduring.

    “If trans-exclusionary feminisms are at least fifty years old in the United States, for example, then the importance of trans people to feminist political liberation, as scholars such as Emma Heaney and Jules Gill-Peterson have demonstrated, is even more enduring.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Heaney

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gill-Peterson

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The clustering of essays is probably due at least in part to an overlapping Anglophone readership and the explosion of conversations on trans-exclusionary feminisms in US American and British scholarly communities over the last five years.

    “While this is probably due at least in part to a mix of an overlapping Anglophone readership and the fact that conversations on trans-exclusionary feminisms have more or less exploded over the last five years in US American and British scholarly communities”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Trans-exclusionary feminism points to the existence, or even an apotheosis, of a coalitional and longstanding global Far Right imagination that has been decades in the making.

    “It is a movement-indeed, a feminism-that points to the existence, or even an apotheosis, of a coalitional and longstanding global Far Right imagination that has been decades in the making.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    A politics of purity understands harm one causes as an extension of one's identity.

    “On an individual or highly localized level, a politics of purity understands harm that one causesintentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or negligently, to invoke one of the foundational logics of mainstream feminism's most darling allies, American criminal law -as an extension of one's identity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    To insist that feminism cannot accommodate oppressive politics is to commit to historical revisionism and present-day refusal of reality that bespeaks a will to ignore or conceal harm done in the name of feminism.

    “First, to insist on the idea that feminism cannot accommodate oppressive politics is to commit to a kind of historical revisionism and present-day refusal of reality that bespeaks a will to ignore or even conceal the harm that is done in the name of feminism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Even an issue full of essays showcasing distinct regions, languages, religious traditions, and political milieux would never be able to offer a comprehensive account of the growing importance of trans-exclusionary politics to a vast range of right-wing movements.

    “even an issue full of essays showcasing distinct regions, languages, religious traditions, and political milieux would nonetheless never be able to offer a comprehensive account of the growing importance of trans-exclusionary politics to a vast range of right-wing movements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Trans-exclusionary politics is an increasing and increasingly complex phenomenon that has contributed to both the strength of right-wing movements and the strength of cultures of transphobia.

    “Trans-exclusionary politics is an increasing and increasingly complex phenomenon that has contributed to both the strength of right-wing movements and the strength of cultures of transphobia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    One source of feminism's political versatility across left- and right-wing projects is that the notion of feminism has accrued an almost impossible capaciousness over the last century and a half.

    “One of the many sources of feminism's political versatility in a range of both left-and right-wing projects is the fact that the notion of feminism has accrued an almost impossible capaciousness over the last century and a half.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    This postfascist variation on a feminism of the 99 percent is problematically essentialist and highly paternalistic.

    “This postfascist variation on a feminism of the 99 percent is certainly both problematically essentialist and highly paternalistic”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The transphobic imperative to frame transness through the lens of novelty undergirds trans-exclusionary feminist claims to the historical endurance of their beliefs.

    “the transphobic imperative to consistently frame transness through the lens of novelty undergirds transexclusionary feminist claims to the historical endurance of their beliefs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisereasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    There is no stability of meaning that might be attributed to the term feminist politics.

    “There is no stability of meaning that might be attributed to the term feminist politics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    The Lexicon officially opened what the Pontifical Council for the Family called a semantic battle.

    “The dictionary officially opened what the Pontifical Council for the Family called”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pontifical Council for the Family ( 2006)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    This position suffers from an inability or unwillingness to see problems inherent in the structure itself, focusing instead on fixing smaller manifestations of deeper-seated issues.

    “it suffers from all the predictable liabilities of reform projects more generally, namely, an inability (or unwillingness) to see the problems that inhere in the structure itself, choosing instead to focus on fixing the smaller manifestations of the deeperseated issues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    A politics of purity insists on the bind between identity and action, which makes taking responsibility almost impossible.

    “But what we are referring to as a politics of purity insists on the bind between identity and action, which in turn makes taking responsibility almost impossible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The argument that TERF is a slur leans on a politics of injury that distances itself from the harmful work trans-exclusionary radical feminism does.

    “the argument by trans-exclusionary radical feminists that the term TERF (an acronym for”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Critiques of liberal feminism rarely ask whether feminism itself is the problem, focusing instead on how to make feminism better.

    “Rarely do these critiques ask whether feminism itself is the problem, focusing instead on how to make feminism better: more anti-racist, more responsive to both structural and localized injustices, less hegemonic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    This postfascist variation may not be any less feminist because it is in line with a particular Euro-American genealogy of liberal feminism.

    “but, as we will see more clearly in the next section, it may not, in fact, be any less feminist for that, as it is also perfectly in line with a particular Euro-American genealogy of liberal feminism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Anti-gender movements are fascist trends that support increasingly authoritarian governments.

    “Anti-gender movements are not just reactionary but fascist trends, the kind that support increasingly authoritarian governments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Butler, 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    It has taken until the last decade, at least in the United States, for mainstream feminisms to experience a paradigm-shifting reckoning with the ambivalent character of feminist activism and politics.

    “Part of the problem-not all of it, granted, but certainly part of it-may be that it has taken until the last decade, at least in the United States, for mainstream feminisms to experience a paradigm-shifting reckoning with the ambivalent character of feminist activism and politics, even as this reckoning had long been called for and has been unevenly absorbed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The recourse to vulnerability language is an effort to reify the political innocence of women and feminism by defining them through phantasmatic vulnerability to trans people without accountability for the aggressive political harm they have been used to effect.

    “It is also, it should be said, an effort to reify the political innocence of women (well, cis women, and even then, only certain cis women) and feminism by defining those terms through a framework of phantasmatic vulnerability to trans people and politics without any accountability for the aggressive political harm they have also been used to effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    The impulse to understand feminism as an incontrovertible political good is a form of purity politics that refuses to engage the pressing problem of ambivalence.

    “Second, and related, the impulse to understand feminism as an incontrovertible political good is a form of purity politics that-apart from being a clichéd hallmark, in our current moment, of a particular cadre of the white Left-refuses to engage the pressing problem of ambivalence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    This latter approach assumes women to be the subject of feminism and womanhood to be an easily delineated category that includes most cis women and excludes most trans people, including trans women.

    “This latter approach also assumes women to be the subject of feminism, and womanhood to be an easily delineated category that includes most cis women and excludes most trans people, including -or especiallytrans women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    In some contexts, attention to embodied difference has been a vital site of resistance to racist violence and hegemony.

    “In some contexts this attention to embodied difference has been a vital site of resistance to, for example, racist violence and hegemony.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Trans-exclusionary politics within feminism have become a crucible for what feminism is understood to be and do, and point to different feminist horizons delimited or made possible by different visions of the feminist political.

    “Trans-exclusionary politics within feminism have also become a veritable crucible for what we understand feminism to be and to do, and they point importantly to the different feminist horizons that are delimited or made possible by different visions of the feminist political.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Some feminists seem reluctant to recognize trans-exclusionary feminism as a conservative feminism.

    “That some feminists seem reluctant to recognize it as such speaks to the need for better and more widely available vocabularies, frameworks, and analyses for how to anatomize the multivalent fortunes of feminist politics in the twenty-first century.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § A Postfascist Feminism of the 99 Percent?

    The imagined 99 percent of women oppressed by corrupt genderist elites is fully stripped of the classed connotations of other kinds of mass feminist mobilization, chiefly socialist feminism.

    “Importantly, this imagined 99 percent of women oppressed by the corrupt”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The Nature of Feminism

    Thinking about trans-exclusionary feminisms as part of ongoing litigation over legitimate womanhood may allow a clearer story about their rise and help short-circuit their welcome in right-wing and liberal movements.

    “if we think about trans-exclusionary feminisms as part of an ongoing litigation surrounding what constitutes legitimate womanhood, which has been consistently conscripted into the service of forms of structural power that we would do well to work against-white supremacy, xenophobia and nativism, ableism and eugenics -we may well end up being able to tell a clearer and more canny story about the”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
81 of 81
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Non-Anglophone speakers are familiar enough with English as the idiom of global popular culture for the phrase 'Gendermainstreaming' to elicit an interpretation and an emotional response.

    “While non-Anglophone speakers might not be able to ascribe an exact meaning to the phrase”
  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.

    “This special issue, then, proceeds from the assumption that transexclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms and thus demand careful historicization, analysis, and contextualization as a recent (but not in any way new) formation of feminism that has gained terrifying traction on a global scale over the last fifty or so years.”
2 of 2

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  • The UCL/IOE conference titled Education for women's liberation hosted academic and activist speakers known for essentialist views on women and sex, discriminatory views and politics towards trans people and trans women in particular, and documented overlaps with conservative and far-right agendas.

    “Under the title Education for women's liberation , 2 this conference hosted an arsenal of academic and activist speakers known for their essentialist views on women and sex, their discriminatory views and politics towards trans people and trans women in particular and for their various documented overlaps with conservative and far-right agendas. 3”

    From The anti-feminism of anti-trans feminism (2023) · cites this paper as [3]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Fox article title differs from the reference list

    Minor

    The text gives the article title as "Serviced with a Progressive Smile," while the reference lists "Served with a Progressive Smile."

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Anatrella, 1998, La différence interdite: Sexualité, éducation, violence trente ans après Mai 68
  2. Bernini, 2018, The ‘Teoria del Gender’ in Italy: A Partisan Essay on a Floating Signifier, Revista psicologia política, 18, 543
  3. Bowen Angela . 2021. “Calling the Question: Is Womanism Feminism?” Journal of International Women's Studies22, no. 8. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol22/iss8/41.
  4. Eco, 1995, Ur-Fascism
  5. Murphy, 2017, The Economization of Life
  6. Pontifical Council for the Family, 2006, Lexicon: Ambiguous and Debatable Terms Regarding Family Life and Ethical Questions
  7. Spivak, 1988, Can the Subaltern Speak?, 271
  8. Stryker, 2006, (De)Subjugated Knowledges: An Introduction to Transgender Studies, 1
  9. Wells, 1895, The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Bassi, S., & LaFleur, G.
Venue
TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly
Published
2022-08-01
Volume
9
Issue
3
Pages
311-333
ISSN
  • 2328-9252 (ISSN-L)
  • 2328-9260
OpenAlex
W4312266104
Cited by
142
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 42 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 2
FWCI
34.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Short Stories in Global Literature

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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