The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome
Open accessAbstract
The metabolic syndrome refers to the co-occurrence of several known cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertension. These conditions are interrelated and share underlying mediators, mechanisms and pathways. There has been recent controversy about its definition and its utility. In this article, I review the current definitions for the metabolic syndrome and why the concept is important. It identifies a subgroup of patients with shared pathophysiology who are at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. By considering the central features of the metabolic syndrome and how they are related, we may better understand the underlying pathophysiology and disease pathogenesis. A comprehensive definition for the metabolic syndrome and its key features would facilitate research into its causes and hopefully lead to new insights into pharmacologic and lifestyle treatment approaches.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation
Dimmeler, S., Fleming, I., Fisslthaler, B., Hermann, C., Busse, R., & Zeiher, A. M. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/21224 · Cited by 3,591
Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation
(1999) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x · Cited by 1,820
Kim, J.-A., Montagnani, M., Koh, K. K., & Quon, M. J. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.563213 · Cited by 1,652
Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis
Semenkovich, C. F. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29024 · Cited by 481
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Alberti, 1998, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation, Diabet Med, 15, 539, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::aid-dia668>3.0.co;2-s
- Atochin, 2007, The phosphorylation state of eNOS modulates vascular reactivity and outcome of cerebral ischemia in vivo, J. Clin. Invest, 117, 1961, 10.1172/JCI29877 · DOI · Paper page
- Beckman, 1996, Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly, Am J Physiol, 271, C1424, 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1424 · DOI · Paper page
- Fulton, 1999, Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt, Nature, 399, 597, 10.1038/21218 · DOI · Paper page
- Gimbrone, 2000, Endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamic forces, and atherogenesis, Ann NY Acad Sci, 902, 230, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06318.x · DOI · Paper page
- Grundy, 2007, Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 399, 10.1210/jc.2006-0513 · DOI · Paper page
- Grundy, 2005, Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute scientific statement, Circulation, 112, 2735, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404 · DOI · Paper page
- Huang, 2005, Unraveling the links between diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, Circ Res, 96, 1129, 10.1161/01.RES.0000170705.56583.45 · DOI
- Jonk, 2007, Microvascular dysfunction in obesity: a potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated insulin resistance and hypertension, Physiology (Bethesda), 22, 252
- Kahn, 2005, The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Diabetologia, 48, 1684, 10.1007/s00125-005-1876-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Kershaw, 2004, Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 2548, 10.1210/jc.2004-0395 · DOI · Paper page
- Meigs, 2004, Metabolic syndrome: in search of a clinical role, Diabetes Care, 27, 2761, 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2761 · DOI
- Reaven, 2006, The metabolic syndrome: is this diagnosis necessary?, Am J Clin Nutr, 83, 1237, 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1237 · DOI · Paper page
- Zimmet, 2005, The metabolic syndrome: a global public health problem and a new definition, J Atheroscler Thromb, 12, 295, 10.5551/jat.12.295 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies
Friedman, S. L., Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A., Rinella, M., & Sanyal, A. J. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0104-9 · Cited by 4,354
Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Miller, M., Stone, N. J., Ballantyne, C., Bittner, V., Criqui, M. H., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, A. C., Howard, W. J., Jacobson, M. S., Kris-Etherton, P. M., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726 · Cited by 1,871
Talbot, K., Wang, H.-Y., Kazi, H., Han, L.-Y., Bakshi, K. P., Stucky, A., Fuino, R. L., Kawaguchi, K. R., Samoyedny, A. J., Wilson, R. S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci59903 · Cited by 1,871
Pulit, S. L., Stoneman, C., Morris, A. P., Wood, A. R., Glastonbury, C. A., Tyrrell, J., Yengo, L., Ferreira, T., Marouli, E., Ji, Y., et al. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy327 · Cited by 1,163
Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity
Andersen, C. J., Murphy, K. E., & Fernandez, M. L. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.010207 · Cited by 701
Metadata
- Authors
- Huang, P. L.
- Venue
- Disease Models & Mechanisms
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2009-04-30
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 231-237
- ISSN
- 1754-8403 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-8411
- OpenAlex
- W2038429516
- Cited by
- 2,214
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 21.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1242/dmm.001180
- The paper
- Huang, P. L. (2009). A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Disease Models & Mechanisms. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.001180
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
