Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly
Abstract
Nitric oxide contrasts with most intercellular messengers because it diffuses rapidly and isotropically through most tissues with little reaction but cannot be transported through the vasculature due to rapid destruction by oxyhemoglobin. The rapid diffusion of nitric oxide between cells allows it to locally integrate the responses of blood vessels to turbulence, modulate synaptic plasticity in neurons, and control the oscillatory behavior of neuronal networks. Nitric oxide is not necessarily short lived and is intrinsically no more reactive than oxygen. The reactivity of nitric oxide per se has been greatly overestimated in vitro because no drain is provided to remove nitric oxide. Nitric oxide persists in solution for several minutes in micromolar concentrations before it reacts with oxygen to form much stronger oxidants like nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide is removed within seconds in vivo by diffusion over 100 microns through tissues to enter red blood cells and react with oxyhemoglobin. The direct toxicity of nitric oxide is modest but is greatly enhanced by reacting with superoxide to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Nitric oxide is the only biological molecule produced in high enough concentrations to out-compete superoxide dismutase for superoxide. Peroxynitrite reacts relatively slowly with most biological molecules, making peroxynitrite a selective oxidant. Peroxynitrite modifies tyrosine in proteins to create nitrotyrosines, leaving a footprint detectable in vivo. Nitration of structural proteins, including neurofilaments and actin, can disrupt filament assembly with major pathological consequences. Antibodies to nitrotyrosine have revealed nitration in human atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, septic and distressed lung, inflammatory bowel disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Aβ(22-35)-induced increases in O2·- and NO· lead to formation of ONOO− via the diffusion-controlled reaction between O2·- and NO·.
“The Aβ (22–35)-induced increases in O2·- and NO· leads to formation of ONOO− attributable to the diffusion-controlled reaction between O2·- and NO· (Beckman and Koppenol, 1996).”
From The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ prevents loss of spatial memory retention and early neuropathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (2011) · cites this paper as Beckman and Koppenol, 1996
Superoxide generated by uncoupled eNOS acts as a NO scavenger, decreasing NO availability, and generates peroxynitrite.
“Therefore, the superoxide generated by the uncoupled eNOS not only induces toxic effects on its own but 1) acts as a NO scavenger, decreasing NO availability and 2) generates peroxynitrite, a more harmful species (78).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
Peroxynitrite is a strong oxidant and nitrosating species.
“Peroxynitrite is a strong oxidant and nitrosating species (78).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
Metal-thiol bonds are among the main targets of peroxynitrite.
“This observation is not unexpected, as metal-thiol bonds are some of the main targets of peroxynitrite (78, 526).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
The reaction of NO with superoxide to form peroxynitrite occurs at a diffusion-limited rate and is governed by the flux of NO and superoxide production.
“This reaction occurs at a diffusion-limited rate and is governed by the flux of NO and superoxide production (78).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
Reaction of peroxynitrite with Zn/S clusters such as that present in eNOS causes dysfunction of the enzyme.
“Reaction of peroxynitrite with Zn/S clusters such as that present in eNOS, causes dysfunction of the enzyme as outlined above (sect. IIIB3) (78, 526).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
Tyrosine nitration is measured as the hallmark of peroxynitrite presence and is traditionally viewed as a sign of nitrative or oxidative stress.
“This modification is measured as the hallmark of peroxynitrite presence and is traditionally viewed as a sign of nitrative or oxidative stress (78, 765).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
Peroxynitrite reacts relatively slowly in comparison with other RNS with many biomolecules, including metal centers, proteins, DNA, and lipids.
“Despite its rapid rate of formation, peroxynitrite reacts relatively slowly in comparison with other RNS, with many biomolecules, including metal centers, proteins, DNA, and lipids (78, 526, 709).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
Cites
Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor
Palmer, R. M. J., Ferrige, A. G., & Moncada, S. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/327524a0 · Cited by 10,704 · see citing works
Rosen, D. R., Siddique, T., Patterson, D., Figlewicz, D. A., Sapp, P., Hentati, A., Donaldson, D., Goto, J., O'Regan, J. P., Deng, H.-X., et al. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362059a0 · Cited by 7,062 · see citing works
Beckman, J. S., Beckman, T. W., Chen, J., Marshall, P. A., & Freeman, B. A. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.4.1620 · Cited by 7,029 · see citing works
Self-citationMotor Neuron Degeneration in Mice that Express a Human Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Mutation
Gurney, M. E., Pu, H., Chiu, A. Y., Dal Canto, M. C., Polchow, C. Y., Alexander, D. D., Caliendo, J., Hentati, A., Kwon, Y. W., Deng, H.-X., et al. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8209258 · Cited by 4,143 · see citing works
Garthwaite, J., Charles, S. L., & Chess‐Williams, R. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/336385a0 · Cited by 2,540 · see citing works
Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide.
Nathan, C., & Xie, Q. W. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36703-0 · Cited by 1,669 · see citing works
Amyotrophic Lateral Ssclerosis and Structural Defects in Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase
Deng, H., Hentati, A., Tainer, J. A., Iqbal, Z., Cayabyab, A., Hung, W.-Y., Getzoff, E. D., Hu, P., Herzfeldt, B., Roos, R. P., et al. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8351519 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
Rubbo, H., Radí, R., Trujillo, M., Telleri, R., Kalyanaraman, B., Barnes, S., KIRK, M. C., & Freeman, B. Α. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47160-8 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Cleeter, M. W. J., Cooper, J. M., Darley-Usmar, V. M., Moncada, S., & Schapira, A. H. V. (1994) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)00424-2 · Cited by 1,241 · see citing works
Nitric oxide circulates in mammalian plasma primarily as an S-nitroso adduct of serum albumin.
Stamler, J. S., Jaraki, O., Osborne, J., Simon, D. I., Keaney, J., Vita, J., Singel, D., Valeri, C. R., & Loscalzo, J. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.16.7674 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Inhaled nitric oxide. A selective pulmonary vasodilator reversing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
Frostell, C., Fratacci, M. D., Wain, J. C., Jones, R., & Zapol, W. M. (1991) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.83.6.2038 · Cited by 1,128 · see citing works
Extensive Nitration of Protein Tyrosines in Human Atherosclerosis Detected by Immunohistochemistry
Beckman, J. S., Ye, Y. Z., Anderson, P. G., Chen, J., Accavitti, M. A., Tarpey, M. M., & White, C. R. (1994) · Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler · doi:10.1515/bchm3.1994.375.2.81 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Self-citationMyers, P. R., Minor, R. L., Guerra, R., Bates, J. N., & Harrison, D. G. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/345161a0 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Beckman, J. S., Carson, M. A., Smith, C. D. L., & Koppenol, W. H. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/364584a0 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Self-citationKinetics of superoxide dismutase- and iron-catalyzed nitration of phenolics by peroxynitrite
Beckman, J. S., Ischiropoulos, H., Zhu, L., van der Woerd, M., Smith, C. D. L., Chen, J., Harrison, J. G., Martin, J. C., & Tsai, M. (1992) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90432-v · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Self-citationSimulation of the diffusion and reaction of endogenously produced nitric oxide.
Lancaster, J. R. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.17.8137 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Superoxide and peroxynitrite inatherosclerosis.
White, C. R., Brock, T. A., Chang, L. Y., Crapo, J. D., BRISCOE, P. M., Ku, D. D., Bradley, W. A., Gianturco, S. H., Gore, J. Z., & Freeman, B. Α. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.3.1044 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Stone, J. R., & Marletta, M. A. (1994) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00184a036 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Gally, J. A., Montague, P. R., Reeke, G. N., & Edelman, G. M. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3547 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Oxidation of nitrogen-oxides by bound dioxygen in hemoproteins
Doyle, M. P., & Hoekstra, J. W. (1981) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0162-0134(00)80291-3 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Malinski, T., Bailey, F., Zhang, Z. G., & Chopp, M. (1993) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1993.48 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Haddad, I. Y., Pataki, G., Yu, Y., GALLIANI, C. A., Beckman, J. S., & Matalon, S. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117607 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Self-citationDrapier, J., & Hibbs, J. B. (1988) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.140.8.2829 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Aconitase is readily inactivated by peroxynitrite, but not by its precursor, nitric oxide.
Castro, L., Rodriguez, M., & Radi, R. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43894-x · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Oxidants in mitochondria: from physiology to diseases
Richter, C., Gogvadze, V. G., Laffranchi, R., Schlapbach, R., Schweizer, M., Suter, M., Walter, P. B., & Yaffee, M. (1995) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/0925-4439(95)00012-s · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Wood, J., & Garthwaite, J. (1994) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(94)90022-1 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
EPR demonstration of iron-nitrosyl complex formation by cytotoxic activated macrophages
Lancaster, J. R., & Hibbs, J. B. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.3.1223 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Evidence for In Vivo Peroxynitrite Production in Human Acute Lung Injury
Kooy, N. W., Royall, J. A., Ye, Y. Z., Kelly, D. R., & Beckman, J. S. (1995) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/151.4.1250 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Self-citationNitric oxide generation from nitroprusside by vascular tissue
Bates, J. N., Baker, M. T., Guerra, R., & Harrison, D. G. (1991) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(91)90406-u · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Darley-Usmar, V. M., Hogg, N., O'leary, V. J., Wilson, M. T., & Moncada, S. (1992) · Free Radical Research Communications · doi:10.3109/10715769209061085 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Bactericidal activity of peroxynitrite
Zhu, L., Gunn, C., & Beckman, J. S. (1992) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90434-x · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of tumor cell ribonucleotide reductase by macrophage-derived nitric oxide.
Kwon, N. S., Stuehr, D. J., & Nathan, C. F. (1991) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.174.4.761 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Assay of metabolic superoxide production in Escherichia coli.
Imlay, J. A., & Fridovich, I. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(20)89596-9 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Autoxidation kinetics of aqueous nitric oxide
Ford, P. C., Wink, D. A., & Stanbury, D. M. (1993) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81748-o · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Mügge, A., Elwell, J. H., Peterson, T. E., Hofmeyer, T. G., Heistad, D. D., & Harrison, D. G. (1991) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.69.5.1293 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Wink, D. A., Nims, R. W., Darbyshire, J. F., Christodoulou, D., Hanbauer, I., Cox, G. W., Laval, F., Laval, J., & Cook, J. A. (1994) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx00040a007 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Lee, M. K., Marszalek, J. R., & Cleveland, D. W. (1994) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90263-1 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Prütz, W. A., Mönig, H., Butler, J., & Land, E. J. (1985) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(85)90780-5 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
The Reaction of Nitric Oxide with Organic Peroxyl Radicals
Padmaja, S., & Huie, R. E. (1993) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2079 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
EDRF coordinates the behaviour of vascular resistance vessels
Griffith, T. M., Edwards, D. H., Davies, R. L., Harrison, T. J., & Evans, K. T. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/329442a0 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
The surprising life of NITRIC OXIDE
(1993) · Chemical & Engineering News · doi:10.1021/cen-v071n051.p026 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Pryor, W. A., Church, D. F., Govindan, C. K., & Crank, G. (1982) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jo00340a038 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Nitric oxide causes ADP-ribosylation and inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Dimmeler, S., Lottspeich, F., & Brüne, B. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41847-9 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Graham, A., Hogg, N., Kalyanaraman, B., O'leary, V. J., Darley-Usmar, V. M., & Moncada, S. (1993) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80269-z · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Crow, J. P., Beckman, J. S., & McCord, J. M. (1995) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00011a008 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationPeroxynitrite, a product of superoxide and nitric oxide, produces coronary vasorelaxation in dogs.
Liu, S., Beckman, J. S., & Ku, D. D. (1994) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)38605-2 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrostatic interactions in the reaction mechanism of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase
Cudd, A., & Fridovich, I. (1982) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33779-7 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Mohr, S., Stamler, J. S., & Brüne, B. (1994) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)00596-6 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
On the pH-dependent yield of hydroxyl radical products from peroxynitrite
Crow, J. P., Spruell, C., Chen, J., Gunn, C., Ischiropoulos, H., Tsai, M. Y., Smith, C. D. L., Radí, R., Koppenol, W. H., & Beckman, J. S. (1994) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(94)90034-5 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationLongrois, D., Balligand, J., KELLY, R., & SMITH, T. (1995) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2828(08)80015-6 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Involvement of nitric oxide and nitrosothiols in relaxation of pulmonary arteries to peroxynitrite
Wu, M., Pritchard, K. A., Kaminski, P. M., Fayngersh, R. P., Hintze, T. H., & Wolin, M. S. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1994.266.5.h2108 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Trapping of nitric oxide produced during denitrification by extracellular hemoglobin.
Goretski, J., & Hollocher, T. C. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69208-7 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Augusto, O., Gatti, R. M., & Radí, R. (1994) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1994.1147 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Stone, J. R., Sands, R. H., Dunham, W., et al. (1995) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1226 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Nitric oxide release from the isolated guinea pig heart
Kelm, M., & Schrader, J. (1988) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(88)90522-5 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Spatial Signaling in the Development and Function of Neural Connections
Montague, P. R., Gally, J. A., & Edelman, G. M. (1991) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/1.3.199 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Lepoivre, M., Flaman, J., & Henry, Y. A. (1992) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50046-6 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Peroxynitrite causes calcium efflux from mitochondria which is prevented by Cyclosporin A
Packer, M. A., & Murphy, M. P. (1994) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)00461-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Fukuto, J. M., Chiang, K., Hszieh, R., Wong, P., & Chaudhuri, G. (1992) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)10384-4 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Kinetics and Mechanism of Tetrahydrobiopterin-induced Oxidation of Nitric Oxide
Mayer, B., Klatt, P., Werner, E. R., & Schmidt, K. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.2.655 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Motor neurons and neurofilaments in sickness and in health
Brady, S. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90151-f · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Bohle, D. S., Hansert, B., Paulson, S. C., & Smith, B. D. (1994) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00095a062 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Reactions of nitric oxide with phenolic antioxidants and phenoxyl radicals
Janzen, E. G., Wilcox, A. L., & Manoharan, V. (1993) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jo00066a001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Donald, C. E., Hughes, M., Thompson, J. M., & Bonner, F. T. (1986) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ic00236a004 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Peroxynitrite stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell cyclic GMP synthesis
Tarpey, M. M., Beckman, J. S., Ischiropoulos, H., Gore, J. Z., & Brock, T. A. (1995) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00413-4 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationPeroxynitrite and atherosclerosis
Hogg, N., Darley-Usmar, V. M., Graham, A., & Moncada, S. (1993) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0210358 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Photolysis of nitric acid in solid argon: the infrared absorption of peroxynitrous acid (HOONO)
Cheng, B., Lee, J. W., & Lee, Y. (1991) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100160a034 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Product analysis of the hydroxyl + nitrogen dioxide + M reaction
Burkholder, J. B., Hammer, P. D., & Howard, C. J. (1987) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100292a032 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sampson, J. B., Rosen, H., & Beckman, J. S. (1996) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(96)69023-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationDirect Measurement of Dilute Nitric Oxide in Solution with an Ozone Chemiluminescent Detector
Beckman, J. S., & Congert, K. A. (1995) · Methods · doi:10.1006/meth.1995.1005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Specific Chemical Modification of Actin
Chantler, P. D., & Gratzer, W. B. (1975) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb20976.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effect of ionic strength on the activity of bovine superoxide dismutase
Rigo, A., Viglino, P., Rotilio, G., et al. (1975) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(75)81047-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Interaction of phalloidin with chemically modified actin
Miki, M., Barden, J. A., dos Remedios, C. G., et al. (1987) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11202.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Membrane mass spectrometer inlet for quantitation of nitric oxide
Lewis, R. S., Deen, W. M., Tannenbaum, S. R., & Wishnok, J. S. (1993) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/bms.1200220106 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Superoxide dismutase activity in the nervous system
Fried, R. (1979) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490040511 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease
Pacher, P., Beckman, J. S., & Liaudet, L. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2006 · Cited by 6,390 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species
Turrens, J. F. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.049478 · Cited by 5,084 · see citing works
Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view
Dirnagl, U., Iadecola, C., & Moskowitz, M. A. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01401-0 · Cited by 3,943 · see citing works
Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases
Phaniendra, A., Jestadi, D. B., & Periyasamy, L. (2015) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0 · Cited by 2,886 · see citing works
Halliwell, B., & Whiteman, M. (2004) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705776 · Cited by 2,238 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and autophagy: The clash between damage and metabolic needs
Filomeni, G., De Zio, D., & Cecconi, F. (2015) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2014.150 · Cited by 2,195 · see citing works
Kohen, R., & Nyska, A. (2002) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1080/01926230290166724 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
Hussain, S. P., Hofseth, L. J., & Harris, C. C. (2003) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1046 · Cited by 1,690 · see citing works
Halliwell, B. (2001) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200118090-00004 · Cited by 1,502 · see citing works
Methods to detect nitric oxide and its metabolites in biological samples
Bryan, N. S., & Grisham, M. B. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.04.026 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome – an oxidative stress disorder
Lavie, L. (2003) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0261 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Rolo, A. P., Teodoro, J. S., & Palmeira, C. M. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.003 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Complications
Ceriello, A. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.1.1 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective
Ratnam, D. V., Ankola, D. D., Bhardwaj, V., Sahana, D. K., & Kumar, M. N. V. R. (2006) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.04.015 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: Biological functions and pathophysiology
Bredt, D. S. (1999) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715769900301161 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Formation of reactive nitrogen species during peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of nitrite
van der Vliet, A., Eiserich, J. P., Halliwell, B., & Cross, C. E. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.12.7617 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Fang, J., Islam, W., & Maeda, H. (2020) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.005 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Ceriello, A. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.5.1589 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Unraveling peroxynitrite formation in biological systems
Radi, R., Peluffo, G., Alvarez, M. N., Naviliat, M., & Cayota, A. (2001) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00373-7 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Nitric oxide and mitochondrial respiration
Brown, G. C. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00025-0 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Kawano, H., Motoyama, T., Hirashima, O., Hirai, N., Miyao, Y., Sakamoto, T., Kugiyama, K., Ogawa, H., & Yasue, H. (1999) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00168-0 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Nitric oxide metabolism and breakdown
Kelm, M. (1999) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00020-1 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Tarpey, M. M., Wink, D. A., & Grisham, M. B. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00361.2003 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Kirkham, P. A., & Barnes, P. J. (2013) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.12-2664 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Ceriello, A., Taboga, C., Tonutti, L., Quagliaro, L., Piconi, L., Bais, B., Da Ros, R., & Motz, E. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000027569.76671.a8 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Butterfield, D. A., Reed, T., Newman, S. F., & Sultana, R. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.037 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
The role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular diseases
NASEEM, K. (2005) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2004.09.003 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation
Tejero, J., Shiva, S., & Gladwin, M. T. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2017 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia
Wright, E., Scism-Bacon, J. L., & Glass, L. C. (2006) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00825.x · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Zou, M.-H., Shi, C., & Cohen, R. A. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0214442 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Brennan, M.-L., Wu, W., Fu, X., Shen, Z., Song, W., Frost, H., Vadseth, C., Narine, L., Lenkiewicz, E., Borchers, M. T., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112400200 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Neuronal glutathione deficiency and age-dependent neurodegeneration in the EAAC1 deficient mouse
Aoyama, K., Suh, S. W., Hamby, A. M., Liu, J., Chan, W. Y., Chen, Y., & Swanson, R. A. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1609 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Is oxidative stress a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease?
Münzel, T., Gori, T., Bruno, R. M., & Taddei, S. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq396 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Association of Nitrotyrosine Levels With Cardiovascular Disease and Modulation by Statin Therapy
Shishehbor, M. H., Aviles, R. J., Brennan, M.-L., Fu, X., Goormastic, M., Pearce, G. L., Gokce, N., Keaney, J. F., Penn, M. S., Sprecher, D. L., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.13.1675 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity: mechanism and opportunities for intervention
Virág, L., Szabó, É., Gergely, P., & Szabó, C. (2003) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00508-8 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Blachier, F., Mariotti, F., Huneau, J. F., & Tomé, D. (2007) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0477-9 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Zhang, R., Brennan, M.-L., Shen, Z., MacPherson, J. C., Schmitt, D., Molenda, C. E., & Hazen, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209124200 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
McManus, M. J., Murphy, M. P., & Franklin, J. L. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0552-11.2011 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
NADPH oxidase in brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders
Ma, M. W., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, R., Dhandapani, K. M., Vadlamudi, R. K., & Brann, D. W. (2017) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0150-7 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Nitric oxide, tetrahydrobiopterin, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension
Schulz, E., Jansen, T., Wenzel, P., Daiber, A., & Münzel, T. (2008) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1989 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Explaining the Phenomenon of Nitrate Tolerance
Münzel, T., Daiber, A., & Mülsch, A. (2005) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000184694.03262.6d · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide catalyzed by xanthine oxidoreductase
Godber, B. L. J., Doel, J. J., Sapkota, G. P., Blake, D. R., Stevens, C. R., Eisenthal, R., & Harrison, R. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.11.7757 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in tumor biology: the two sides of the same coin
Lechner, M., Lirk, P., & Rieder, J. (2005) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.04.004 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Koskenkorva-Frank, T. S., Weiss, G., Koppenol, W. H., & Burckhardt, S. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.001 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citationMacrophages and Iron Metabolism
Soares, M. P., & Hamza, I. (2016) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.016 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Maia, L. B., & Moura, J. J. G. (2014) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr400518y · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Disease tolerance and immunity in host protection against infection
Soares, M. P., Teixeira, L., & Moita, L. F. (2017) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.136 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Villagra, J., Shiva, S., Hunter, L. A., Machado, R. F., Gladwin, M. T., & Kato, G. J. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-12-061697 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Fukuto, J. M., Carrington, S. J., Tantillo, D. J., Harrison, J. G., Ignarro, L. J., Freeman, B. A., Chen, A., & Wink, D. A. (2012) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx2005234 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
What is the real physiological NO concentration in vivo?
Hall, C. N., & Garthwaite, J. (2009) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2009.07.002 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Kell, D. B. (2010) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Janaszak-Jasiecka, A., Płoska, A., Wierońska, J. M., Dobrucki, L. W., & Kalinowski, L. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters · doi:10.1186/s11658-023-00423-2 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Role of Vitamin C in the Function of the Vascular Endothelium
May, J. M., & Harrison, F. E. (2013) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5205 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Proteomic method identifies proteins nitrated <i>in vivo</i> during inflammatory challenge
Aulak, K. S., Miyagi, M., Yan, L., West, K. A., Massillon, D., Crabb, J. W., & Stuehr, D. J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.221269198 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Daiber, A. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.032 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Kanai, A. J., Pearce, L. L., Clemens, P. R., Birder, L. A., VanBibber, M. M., Choi, S.-Y., de Groat, W. C., & Peterson, J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.241380298 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Pharmacological inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase provides neuroprotection in stroke
McCullough, L. D., Zeng, Z., Li, H., Landree, L. E., McFadden, J., & Ronnett, G. V. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m409985200 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Herold, S., Exner, M., & Nauser, T. (2001) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi002407m · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Oxidative and nitrosative events in asthma
Andreadis, A. A., Hazen, S. L., Comhair, S. A. A., & Erzurum, S. C. (2003) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00278-8 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Novel Aspects of Dietary Nitrate and Human Health
Weitzberg, E., & Lundberg, J. O. (2013) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161159 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and vascular physiology and pathology
Arnal, J.-F., Dinh-Xuan, A.-T., Pueyo, M., Darblade, B., & Rami, J. (1999) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s000180050358 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
eNOS Uncoupling in Cardiovascular Diseases - the Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Karbach, S., Wenzel, P., Waisman, A., Munzel, T., & Daiber, A. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113196660748 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Heneka, M. T., Ramanathan, M., Jacobs, A. H., Dumitrescu-Ozimek, L., Bilkei-Gorzo, A., Debeir, T., Sastre, M., Galldiks, N., Zimmer, A., Hoehn, M., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4236-05.2006 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Deletion of p66 <sup>shc</sup> Gene Protects Against Age-Related Endothelial Dysfunction
Francia, P., delli Gatti, C., Bachschmid, M., Martin-Padura, I., Savoia, C., Migliaccio, E., Pelicci, P. G., Schiavoni, M., Lüscher, T. F., Volpe, M., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000147731.24444.4d · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Gitto, E., Pellegrino, S., Gitto, P., Barberi, I., & Reiter, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00649.x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Molecular control of vertebrate iron homeostasis by iron regulatory proteins
Wallander, M. L., Leibold, E. A., & Eisenstein, R. S. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.05.004 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Folic Acid Reverts Dysfunction of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
Stroes, E. S. G., van Faassen, E. E., Yo, M., Martasek, P., Boer, P., Govers, R., & Rabelink, T. J. (2000) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.86.11.1129 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Cooke, J. P. (2003) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/s1567-5688(03)00034-5 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Role of Hyperglycemia in Nitrotyrosine Postprandial Generation
Ceriello, A., Quagliaro, L., Catone, B., Pascon, R., Piazzola, M., Bais, B., Marra, G., Tonutti, L., Taboga, C., & Motz, E. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.8.1439 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Iron and thiol redox signaling in cancer: an exquisite balance to escape ferroptosis
Toyokuni, S., Ito, F., Yamashita, K., Okazaki, Y., & Akatsuka, S. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.024 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Allicin and other functional active components in garlic: Health benefits and bioavailability
Rahman, M. S. (2007) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942910601113327 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Endothelial dysfunction in obesity
Engin, A. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_15 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
The many roads to mitochondrial dysfunction in neuroimmune and neuropsychiatric disorders
Morris, G., & Berk, M. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0310-y · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Redox Reactions of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin: Biological and Toxicological Implications
Alayash, A. I., Patel, R. P., & Cashon, R. E. (2001) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/152308601300185250 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Acute hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress in healthy subjects
Marfella, R., Quagliaro, L., Nappo, F., Ceriello, A., & Giugliano, D. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci13727 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and its pathophysiologic regulation
Chatterjee, A., & Catravas, J. D. (2008) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2008.06.008 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Endothelial influences on cerebrovascular tone
Andresen, J., Shafi, N. I., & Bryan, R. M. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00937.2005 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Emerging role of nitrite in human biology
Dejam, A., Hunter, C. J., Schechter, A. N., & Gladwin, M. T. (2004) · Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.02.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Hinson, J. A., Pike, S. L., Pumford, N. R., & Mayeux, P. R. (1998) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx9800349 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Kanski, J., Behring, A., Pelling, J., & Schöneich, C. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01030.2003 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Ubiquitous overexpression of CuZn superoxide dismutase does not extendlife span in mice
(2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.1.b5 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Wenzel, P., Schuhmacher, S., Kienhöfer, J., Müller, J., Hortmann, M., Oelze, M., Schulz, E., Treiber, N., Kawamoto, T., Scharffetter-Kochanek, K., et al. (2008) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn182 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Role of free radicals in viral pathogenesis and mutation
Akaike, T. (2001) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.303 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Han, Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2023) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00906-w · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Biology of nitrogen oxides in the gastrointestinal tract
Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301649 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
DeWitt, D. S., & Prough, D. S. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503322385755 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Hashemy, S. I., & Holmgren, A. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m801047200 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Koch, C. D., Gladwin, M. T., Freeman, B. A., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Morris, A. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Sakellariou, G. K., Jackson, M. J., & Vasilaki, A. (2014) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2013.830718 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Cellular aspects of photocarcinogenesis
Nishigori, C. (2006) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b507471a · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Han, D., Canali, R., Garcia, J., Aguilera, R., Gallaher, T. K., & Cadenas, E. (2005) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0509393 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Early Hepatic Microvascular Injury in Response to Acetaminophen Toxicity
ITO, Y., BETHEA, N. W., ABRIL, E. R., & MCCUSKEY, R. S. (2003) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1038/sj.mn.7800204 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Is nitric oxide overproduction the target of choice for the management of septic shock?
Feihl, F., Waeber, B., & Liaudet, L. (2001) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(01)00155-3 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase transgenic models of endothelial dysfunction
Atochin, D. N., & Huang, P. L. (2010) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-010-0867-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Xu, S., Ying, J., Jiang, B., Guo, W., Adachi, T., Sharov, V., Lazar, H., Menzoian, J., Knyushko, T. V., Bigelow, D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01293.2005 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Saha, A., Goldstein, S., Cabelli, D., & Czapski, G. (1998) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(97)00365-1 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
DILISA, F., & BERNARDI, P. (2005) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.02.009 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Chokshi, N. K., Guner, Y. S., Hunter, C. J., Upperman, J. S., Grishin, A., & Ford, H. R. (2008) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2008.01.002 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Cooke, J. P. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0430082100 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Effects of nitric oxide on the contraction of skeletal muscle
Maréchal, G., & Gailly, P. (1999) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s000180050359 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
- Authors
- Beckman, J. S., & Koppenol, W. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1996-11-01
- Volume
- 271
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- C1424-C1437
- ISSN
- 0363-6143 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1563
- OpenAlex
- W1821918060
- Cited by
- 5,513
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 142 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 172 · 2014: 225 · 2013: 206 · 2012: 212
- FWCI
- 97.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl046407-02, 5p01hl048676-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-46407, HL48676)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 24338)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, superoxide, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide diffusion, oxyhemoglobin, superoxide dismutase, nitrotyrosine, protein nitration, filament assembly, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, inflammatory bowel disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuronal network oscillations, synaptic plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arteriosclerosis, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Models, Biological, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular, Neurons, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Oxyhemoglobins, Superoxides, Superoxide Dismutase, Synapses, Second Messenger Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
