The ontogenetic scaling of hydrodynamics and swimming performance in jellyfish (Aurelia aurita)
Abstract
It is not well understood how ontogenetic changes in the motion and morphology of aquatic animals influence the performance of swimming. The goals of the present study were to understand how changes in size, shape and behavior affect the hydrodynamics of jet propulsion in the jellyfish Aurelia aurita and to explore how such changes affect the ontogenetic scaling of swimming speed and cost of transport. We measured the kinematics of jellyfish swimming from video recordings and simulated the hydrodynamics of swimming with two computational models that calculated thrust generation by paddle and jet mechanisms. Our results suggest that thrust is generated primarily by jetting and that there is negligible thrust generation by paddling. We examined how fluid forces scaled with body mass using the jet model. Despite an ontogenetic increase in the range of motion by the bell diameter and a decrease in the height-to-diameter ratio, we found that thrust and acceleration reaction scaled with body mass as predicted by kinematic similarity. However, jellyfish decreased their pulse frequency with growth, and speed consequently scaled at a lower exponential rate than predicted by kinematic similarity. Model simulations suggest that the allometric growth in Aurelia results in swimming that is slower, but more energetically economical, than isometric growth with a prolate bell shape. The decrease in pulse frequency over ontogeny allows large Aurelia medusae to avoid a high cost of transport but generates slower swimming than if they maintained a high pulse frequency. Our findings suggest that ontogenetic change in the height-to-diameter ratio and pulse frequency of Aurelia results in swimming that is relatively moderate in speed but is energetically economical.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Oblate jellyfish typically swim at St > 1.
“Oblate jellyfish, however, typically swim at St > 1 [28, 29].”
From Measurements and modeling of swimming speed dependence on stroke frequency in scyphozoan jellyfish (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
The idea of approximating a jellyfish as a hemiellipsoid has been used by Colin and Costello, Daniel, and McHenry and Jed.
“The idea of approximating a jellyfish as a hemiellipsoid, while an idealization, has been used by Colin and Costello [6], Daniel [14], and McHenry and Jed [25].”
From Reynolds number limits for jet propulsion: a numerical study of simplified jellyfish (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Cites
An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
Batchelor, G. K. (2000) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511800955 · Cited by 12,360 · see citing works
Scaling: Why is Animal Size so Important?
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1984) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139167826 · Cited by 2,677 · see citing works
Scaling Why is animal size so important?
Schmidt‐Nielsen, K. (1984) · Cited by 2,654 · see citing works
Reyment, R. A., & Huxley, J. S. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532815 · Cited by 2,105 · see citing works
Hoerner, S. F. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Computer solution of ordinary differential equations : the initial value problem
Shampine, L. F., & Gordon, M. K. (1975) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Vogel, S. K. (1983) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691212975 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion.
Murray, J. D., & Pedley, T. J. (1978) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530028 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion
McMahon, T. A. (1984) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691221540 · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Lighthill, S. J. (1975) · Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics eBooks · doi:10.1137/1.9781611970517 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
The Speed of Swimming of Fish as Related to Size and to the Frequency and Amplitude of the Tail Beat
Bainbridge, R. (1958) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.35.1.109 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Toxicity of Nitrite to Fish: A Review
Lewis, W. M., & Morris, D. P. (1986) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Linear relations in biomechanics: the statistics of scaling functions
Rayner, J. M. V. (1985) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05668.x · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Huxley, J. S. (1932) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6427 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Koehl, M. A. R. (1996) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.501 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Swimming and feeding behavior of larval anchovy Engraulis mordax
Hunter, J. R. (1972) · Fishery Bulletin · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Quillin, K. J. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.202.6.661 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Müller, U. K., Stamhuis, E. J., & Videler, J. J. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.203.2.193 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Fuiman, L. A., & Batty, R. S. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.200.12.1745 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Functions of Fish Skin: Flexural Stiffness and Steady Swimming of Longnose Gar Lepisosteus Osseus
Long, J. H., Hale, M. E., McHenry, M. J., & Westneat, M. W. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.199.10.2139 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphology, fluid motion and predation by the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita
Costello, J. H., & Colin, S. P. (1994) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/bf00346741 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Morphology, swimming performance and propulsive mode of six co-occurring hydromedusae
Colin, S. P., & Costello, J. H. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.205.3.427 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Ontogeny of routine swimming activity and performance in zebra danios (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Fuiman, L. A., & Webb, P. W. (1988) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80268-9 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Development of Swimming Movements and Musculature of Larval Herring (Clupea Harengus)
Batty, R. S. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.110.1.217 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Jayne, B. C., & LAUDER, G. V. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.198.2.585 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Mechanics and energetics of medusan jet propulsion
Daniel, T. L. (1983) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z83-190 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gaylord, B., & Denny, M. W. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.200.24.3141 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hale, M. E. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.202.11.1465 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Intraspecific Scaling of Feeding Mechanics in an Ontogenetic Series of Zebrafish, Danio Rerio
Hernandez, L. P. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.203.19.3033 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Introduction to the Scaling of Aquatic Animal Locomotion
Wu, T. Y. (1977) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Undulatory Swimming: How Traveling Waves are Produced and Modulated in Sunfish (Lepomis Gibbosus)
Long, J. H., McHenry, M. J., & Boetticher, N. C. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.192.1.129 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationMcHenry, M. J., Azizi, E., & Strother, J. A. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.00069 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationCost of locomotion: unsteady medusan swimming
Daniel, T. L. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.119.1.149 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Development of predator evasion in Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L.
Fuiman, L. A. (1993) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1135 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Kinematics of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, at cruising speeds
Webb, P. W. (1986) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z86-328 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ontogenetic Scaling of Burrowing Forces in the Earthworm Lumbricus Terrestris
Quillin, K. J. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.203.18.2757 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Diversity of swimming behavior in hydromedusae as related to feeding and utilization of space
Mills, C. E. (1981) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/bf00397107 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Dadswell, M. J., & Weihs, D. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z90-112 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mutlu, E. (2001) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s002270000459 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A Model of Rowing Propulsion and the Ontogeny of Locomotion in Artemia Larvae
Williams, T. A. (1994) · Biological Bulletin · doi:10.2307/1542239 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Jordan, C. E. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.163.1.119 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A comparative analysis of the locomotory systems of medusoid Cnidaria
Gladfelter, W. G. (1973) · Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen · doi:10.1007/bf01611199 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Daniel, T. L., Jordan, C. E., & Grünbaum, D. (1992) · Advances in comparative and environmental physiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76693-0_2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Scaling of Muscle Fibres and Locomotion
Rome, L. C. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.168.1.243 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Nicholas, K. R., & Frid, C. L. J. (1999) · Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · doi:10.1017/s0025315499001216 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures
Meinkoth, N. A. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Developing jellyfish strategy hypotheses using circulation models
Johnson, D. R., Perry, H. M., & Burke, W. D. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0722-1_17 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Buecher, E., & Gibbons, M. (1999) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps189105 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Developing jellyfish strategy hypotheses using circulation models
Johnson, D. R., Perry, H. M., & Burke, W. D. (2001) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1023/a:1011880121265 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nauen, J. C., & Shadwick, R. E. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.204.10.1817 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Body Size and Swimming Types in Carp Larvae; Effects of Being Small
van den Boogaart, J. G. M., & Osse, J. W. M. (2000) · Netherlands Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1163/156854200x00108 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
BODY SIZE AND SWIMMING TYPES IN CARP LARVAE; EFFECTS OF BEING SMALL
Osse, J. W. M., & van den Boogaart, J. G. M. (2000) · Netherlands Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1163/156854200505847 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Glazier, D. S. (2005) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s1464793105006834 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Multi-functional soft-bodied jellyfish-like swimming
Ren, Z., Hu, W., Dong, X., & Sitti, M. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10549-7 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
A biomimetic robotic jellyfish (Robojelly) actuated by shape memory alloy composite actuators
Villanueva, A. A., Smith, C. F., & Priya, S. (2011) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3182/6/3/036004 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Flow patterns generated by oblate medusan jellyfish: field measurements and laboratory analyses
Dabiri, J. O., Colin, S. P., Costello, J. H., & Gharib, M. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01519 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Passive energy recapture in jellyfish contributes to propulsive advantage over other metazoans
Gemmell, B. J., Costello, J. H., Colin, S. P., Stewart, C. J., Dabiri, J. O., Tafti, D., & Priya, S. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1306983110 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Classification of biological and bioinspired aquatic systems: A review
Salazar, R., Fuentes, V., & Abdelkefi, A. (2017) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.11.012 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
A versatile jellyfish-like robotic platform for effective underwater propulsion and manipulation
Wang, T., Joo, H.-J., Song, S., Hu, W., Keplinger, C., & Sitti, M. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg0292 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Thrust force characterization of free-swimming soft robotic jellyfish
Frame, J., Lopez, N., Curet, O., & Engeberg, E. D. (2018) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/aadcb3 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Nature-inspired strategies for the synthesis of hydrogel actuators and their applications
Li, W., Guan, Q., Li, M., Saiz, E., & Hou, X. (2023) · Progress in Polymer Science · doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101665 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The Hydrodynamics of Jellyfish Swimming.
Costello, J. H., Colin, S. P., Dabiri, J. O., Gemmell, B. J., Lucas, K. N., & Sutherland, K. R. (2021) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-031120-091442 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Faking Giants: The Evolution of High Prey Clearance Rates in Jellyfishes
Acuña, J. L., López-Urrutia, Á., & Colin, S. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1205134 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Bartol, I. K., Krueger, P. S., Stewart, W. J., & Thompson, J. T. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.027771 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Jellyfish-Inspired Soft Robot Driven by Fluid Electrode Dielectric Organic Robotic Actuators
Christianson, C., Bayag, C., Li, G., Jadhav, S., Giri, A., Agba, C., Li, T., & Tolley, M. T. (2019) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00126 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The mechanical scaling of coasting in zebrafish ( Danio rerio )
McHenry, M. J., & LAUDER, G. V. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01642 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationA review on the modeling, materials, and actuators of aquatic unmanned vehicles
Salazar, R., Campos, A., Fuentes, V., & Abdelkefi, A. (2018) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.11.047 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Ontogeny of form and function: Locomotor morphology and drag in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
McHenry, M. J., & LAUDER, G. V. (2006) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.10462 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationLM-Jelly: Liquid Metal Enabled Biomimetic Robotic Jellyfish
Ye, J., Yao, Y., Gao, J., Chen, S., Zhang, P., Sheng, L., & Liu, J. (2022) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2021.0055 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Şahin, M., & Mohseni, K. (2009) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2009.03.027 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Locomotor benefits of being a slender and slick sand-swimmer
Sharpe, S. S., Koehler, S. A., Kuckuk, R., Serrano, M. M., Vela, P. A., MENDELSON, J. R. I., & Goldman, D. I. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.108357 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Sahin, M., Mohseni, K., & Colin, S. P. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.025536 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Reynolds number limits for jet propulsion: a numerical study of simplified jellyfish
Herschlag, G., & Miller, L. (2011) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.05.035 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Low-power microelectronics embedded in live jellyfish enhance propulsion
Xu, N. W., & Dabiri, J. O. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz3194 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ontogeny of swim performance and mechanics in bottlenose dolphins(Tursiops truncatus)
Noren, S. R., Biedenbach, G., & Edwards, E. F. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02566 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Using Computational and Mechanical Models to Study Animal Locomotion
Miller, L. A., Goldman, D. I., Hedrick, T. L., Tytell, E. D., Wang, Z. J., Yen, J., & Alben, S. (2012) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/ics115 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Hoover, A., Griffith, B. E., & Miller, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2017.3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Feeding rates of the jellyfish Aurelia aurita on fish larvae
Titelman, J., & Hansson, L. J. (2005) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0200-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Soft Underwater Swimming Robots Based on Artificial Muscle
Wang, R., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Tan, W., Chen, W., & Liu, L. (2022) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202200962 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Control of vortex rings for manoeuvrability
Gemmell, B. J., Troolin, D. R., Costello, J. H., Colin, S. P., & Satterlie, R. A. (2015) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.0389 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A jellyfish-inspired jet propulsion robot actuated by an iris mechanism
Marut, K., Stewart, C. J., Michael, T., Villanueva, A. A., & Priya, S. (2013) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/22/9/094021 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A jellyfish-like swimming mini-robot actuated by an electromagnetic actuation system
Ko, Y., Na, S., Lee, Y., Cha, K., Ko, S. Y., Park, J., & Park, S. (2012) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/0964-1726/21/5/057001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Scaling of maximum net force output by motors used for locomotion
Marden, J. H. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01483 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
From single neurons to behavior in the jellyfish Aurelia aurita
Pallasdies, F., Goedeke, S., Braun, W., & Memmesheimer, R.-M. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.50084 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A numerical study of the benefits of driving jellyfish bells at their natural frequency
Hoover, A., & Miller, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.016 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Efficient kinematics for jet-propelled swimming
Alben, S., Miller, L. A., & Peng, J. (2013) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2013.434 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Santhanakrishnan, A., Dollinger, M., Hamlet, C., Colin, S. P., & Miller, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.053744 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Biomimetic autonomous robot inspired by theCyanea capillata(Cyro)
Villanueva, A. A., Marut, K., Michael, T., & Priya, S. (2013) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3182/8/4/046005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nature-inspired miniaturized magnetic soft robotic swimmers
Pramanik, R., Verstappen, R. W. C. P., & Onck, P. R. (2024) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0189185 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Simulation of swimming oblate jellyfish with a paddling-based locomotion
Park, S. G., Chang, C. B., Huang, W., & Sung, H. J. (2014) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2014.206 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Jellyfish patch formation investigated by aerial photography and drifter experiment
Magome, S., Yamashita, T., Kohama, T., Kaneda, A., Hayami, Y., Takahashi, S., & Takeoka, H. (2007) · Journal of Oceanography · doi:10.1007/s10872-007-0065-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
He, J., Xiu, M., Tang, X., Yue, F., Wang, N., Yang, S., & Chen, Q. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological Genetics and Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.1776 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A 1 mm-Thick Miniatured Mobile Soft Robot With Mechanosensation and Multimodal Locomotion
Liu, Z., Liu, J., Wang, H., Yu, X. P., Yang, K., Liu, W., Nie, S., Sun, W., Xie, Z., Chen, B., et al. (2020) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2020.2976306 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Computational fluid–structure interaction in biology and soft robots: A review
Pramanik, R., Verstappen, R. W. C. P., & Onck, P. R. (2024) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0226743 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dynamics of prolate jellyfish with a jet-based locomotion
Park, S. G., Kim, B., Lee, J., Huang, W., & Sung, H. J. (2015) · Journal of Fluids and Structures · doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.07.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cool your jets: biological jet propulsion in marine invertebrates
Gemmell, B. J., Dabiri, J. O., Colin, S. P., Costello, J. H., Townsend, J. P., & Sutherland, K. R. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.222083 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Shape-changing bodies in fluid: Hovering, ratcheting, and bursting
Spagnolie, S. E., & Shelley, M. (2009) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.3054143 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pump or coast: the role of resonance and passive energy recapture in medusan swimming performance
Hoover, A., Porras, A., & Miller, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2018.1007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Carbone, C., Codron, D., Scofield, C., Clauß, M., & Bielby, J. (2014) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12375 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hampton, P. M. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.092924 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effect of neurotoxic compounds on ephyrae of Aurelia aurita jellyfish
Costa, E., Gambardella, C., Piazza, V., Greco, G., Lavorano, S., Beltrandi, M., Bongiovanni, E., Gnone, G., Faimali, M., & Garaventa, F. (2015) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-015-2284-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Field Testing of Biohybrid Robotic Jellyfish to Demonstrate Enhanced Swimming Speeds
Xu, N. W., Townsend, J. P., Costello, J. H., Colin, S. P., Gemmell, B. J., & Dabiri, J. O. (2020) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics5040064 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rinaldis, G. D., Leone, A., Domenico, S. D., Bosch‐Belmar, M., Šližytė, R., Milisenda, G., Santucci, A., Albano, C., & Piraino, S. (2021) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md19090498 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Do small swimmers mix the ocean?
Leshansky, A. M., & Pismen, L. M. (2010) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.82.025301 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Locomotor benefits of being a slender and slick sand-swimmer
Sharpe, S. S., Koehler, S. A., Kuckuk, R., Serrano, M., Vela, P. A., MENDELSON, J. R. I., & Goldman, D. I. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.121939 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Global vorticity shedding for a shrinking cylinder
Weymouth, G. D., & Triantafyllou, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2012.200 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A computational model of the flight dynamics and aerodynamics of a jellyfish-like flying machine
Fang, F., Ho, K. L., Ristroph, L., & Shelley, M. (2017) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2017.150 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
THE EVOLUTION OF LARVAL MORPHOLOGY AND SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN ASCIDIANS
McHenry, M. J., & Patek, S. N. (2004) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01701.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationRobotic jellyfish actuated with a shape memory alloy spring
Kazemi-Lari, M. A., Dostine, A. D., Zhang, J., Wineman, A. S., & Shaw, J. A. (2019) · SPIE Bioinspiration, Biomimetics, and Bioreplication · doi:10.1117/12.2513456 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Yuan, H., Shu, S., Niu, X., Li, M., & Hu, Y. (2014) · Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics · doi:10.4208/aamm.2013.m409 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Design and Implementation of a Miniature Jellyfish-Inspired Robot
Wang, W., Li, W., Xu, J., Dong, J., Xiang, C., Guan, Y., & Zhang, T. (2023) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2023.3265585 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Beyond the average: Diverse individual migration patterns in a population of mesopelagic jellyfish
Kaartvedt, S., Titelman, J., Røstad, A., & Klevjer, T. A. (2011) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2189 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Clark, A. J., & Summers, A. P. (2011) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03145.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Performance improvement through passive mechanics in jellyfish-inspired swimming
Wilson, M. M., & Eldredge, J. D. (2010) · International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics · doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2010.12.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Manipulation of vortex rings for flow control
TOYODA, K., & HIRAMOTO, R. (2009) · Fluid Dynamics Research · doi:10.1088/0169-5983/41/5/051402 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ontogenetic propulsive transitions by medusaeSarsia tubulosa
Katija, K., Colin, S. P., Costello, J. H., & Jiang, H. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.115832 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Design and implementation of a novel biomimetic robotic jellyfish
Xiao, J., Duan, J., & Yu, J. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO) · doi:10.1109/robio.2013.6739592 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zeng, H., Wang, Y., Jiang, T., Xia, H., Gu, X. Q., & Chen, H. (2021) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d1ra05021d · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Magnetic-field-induced propulsion of jellyfish-inspired soft robotic swimmers
Pramanik, R., Verstappen, R. W. C. P., & Onck, P. R. (2023) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.107.014607 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Development and experimental testing of an autonomous jellyfish detection and removal robot system
Kim, D., Shin, J.-U., Kim, H., Kim, H., Lee, D., Lee, S., & Myung, H. (2016) · International Journal of Control Automation and Systems · doi:10.1007/s12555-014-0305-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Towards a miniature self-propelled jellyfish-like swimming robot
Yu, J., Xiao, J., Li, X., & Wang, W. (2016) · International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems · doi:10.1177/1729881416666796 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hollow aggregations of moon jellyfish (Aureliaspp.)
Churnside, J. H., Marchbanks, R. D., Donaghay, P. L., Sullivan, J. M., Graham, W. M., & Wells, R. J. D. (2015) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/fbv092 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Multimodal Locomotion in a Soft Robot Through Hierarchical Actuation
Yu, Q., & Gravish, N. (2023) · Soft Robotics · doi:10.1089/soro.2022.0198 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of Body Size and Shape on Locomotion in the Bat Star (Patiria miniata)
Montgomery, E. M., & Palmer, A. R. (2012) · Biological Bulletin · doi:10.1086/bblv222n3p222 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., & Manoonpong, P. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2020.3029062 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lee, K., Bae, B.-S., Kim, I.-O., & Yoon, W. D. (2010) · Fisheries Science · doi:10.1007/s12562-010-0294-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flexible Margin Kinematics and Vortex Formation of Aurelia aurita and Robojelly
Villanueva, A. A., Vlachos, P. P., & Priya, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098310 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Swimming by medusae Sarsia tubulosa in the viscous vortex ring limit
Katija, K., & Jiang, H. (2013) · Limnology & Oceanography Fluids & Environments · doi:10.1215/21573689-2338313 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dawoodian, M., & Sau, A. (2021) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2020.1069 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vortex interaction between two tandem flexible propulsors with a paddling-based locomotion
Park, S. G., & Sung, H. J. (2016) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2016.148 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Predicting crawling speed relative to mass in sea stars
Montgomery, E. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2014.05.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., & Mittal, R. (2017) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/aa9392 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Malul, D., Lotan, T., Makovsky, Y., Holzman, R., & Shavit, U. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56311-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Eom, H.-J., Lee, N., Yum, S., & Rhee, J. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150988 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Partial drift volume due to a self-propelled swimmer
Chisholm, N. G., & Khair, A. S. (2018) · Physical Review Fluids · doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.3.014501 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
von Montfort, G. M., Costello, J. H., Colin, S. P., Morandini, A. C., Migotto, Á. E., Maronna, M. M., Reginato, M., Miyake, H., & Nagata, R. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34927-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Electromechanical enhancement of live jellyfish for ocean exploration
Anuszczyk, S. R., & Dabiri, J. O. (2024) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ad277f · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Suzuki, K. S., NIIDA, Y., Tsubono, T., Takimoto, H., Kumakura, E., Ishii, H., & Nogata, Y. (2017) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps12357 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Neil, T. R., & Askew, G. N. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.191148 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Robojelly bell kinematics and resistance feedback control
Villanueva, A. A., Priya, S., Anna, C., & Smith, C. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO) · doi:10.1109/robio.2010.5723486 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Intraspecific Scaling Relationships Between Crawling Speed and Body Size in a Gastropod
Hemmert, H. M., & Baltzley, M. J. (2016) · Biological Bulletin · doi:10.1086/bblv230n1p78 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The flow induced by a jellyfish
Ichikawa, S., & MOCHIZUKI, O. (2008) · Journal of Visualization · doi:10.1007/bf03181714 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rowing jellyfish contract to maintain neutral buoyancy
Yang, P., Lemons, M., & Hu, D. L. (2018) · Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.taml.2018.03.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Untethered Flight of a 270 mg Microrobot Powered by Onboard Energy
Yun, R., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Zhang, H., Zhan, W., Liu, Z., Yan, X., & Qi, M. (2023) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202200393 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Comparative Biomechanics: The Jellyfish Paradox Resolved
McHenry, M. J. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.027 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationA motion simulation of bionic jellyfish based on shape memory alloy
Wang, Z., Lin, X., Feng, X., Qin, H., & Xu, S. (2017) · Chinese Control Conference (CCC) · doi:10.23919/chicc.2017.8028402 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kuplik, Z., Kerem, D. H., & Angel, D. L. (2021) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d13070320 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ontogeny of the morphology‐performance axis in an amphibious fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus)
Styga, J. M., Houslay, T. M., Wilson, A. J., & Earley, R. L. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2150 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zimmerman, K. L., Jamshidi, A. D., Buckenberger, A., & Satterlie, R. A. (2019) · Invertebrate Biology · doi:10.1111/ivb.12260 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Fluid Dynamics of Feeding In the Upside-Down Jellyfish
Hamlet, C., Miller, L. A., Rodriguez, T., & Santhanakrishnan, A. (2012) · The IMA volumes in mathematics and its applications · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3997-4_3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Development of a bionic jellyfish robot for collecting polymetallic nodules
Li, H., Cui, S., Wang, X., Yu, B., Wang, G., Cao, C., Shen, Y., & Zeng, Q. (2025) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120655 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Design and optimization of a bionic jellyfish robot for enhanced underwater propulsion efficiency
Luo, K., Yan, L., Zhu, Z., Hua, X., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Jiang, F., & Wang, X. (2025) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.122414 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- McHenry, M. J., & Jed, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- McHenry, Matthew J.
- Jed, Jason
- ORCID
- McHenry, Matthew J.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Biology
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2003-11-15
- Volume
- 206
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 4125-4137
- ISSN
- 0022-0949 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9145
- OpenAlex
- W2028716259
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Keywords
- Aurelia aurita, jellyfish, ontogenetic scaling, swimming hydrodynamics, jet propulsion, cost of transport, swimming speed, pulse frequency, kinematic similarity, allometric growth, thrust generation
- MeSH terms
- Acceleration, Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Body Constitution, Body Weights and Measures, Computer Simulation, Models, Theoretical, Swimming, Time Factors, Video Recording, Scyphozoa
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
