Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 466

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The mechanics of flight in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta I. Kinematics of hovering and forward flight

Willmott, Alexander P., Ellington, Charles P.·1997·Journal of Experimental Biology
DOI 10.1242/jeb.200.21.2705
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

High-speed videography was used to record sequences of individual hawkmoths in free flight over a range of speeds from hovering to 5 m s−1. At each speed, three successive wingbeats were subjected to a detailed analysis of the body and wingtip kinematics and of the associated time course of wing rotation. Results are presented for one male and two female moths. The clearest kinematic trends accompanying increases in forward speed were an increase in stroke plane angle and a decrease in body angle. The latter may have resulted from a slight dorsal shift in the area swept by the wings as the supination position became less ventral with increasing speed. These trends were most pronounced between hovering and 3m s−1, and the changes were gradual; there was no distinct gait change of the kind observed in some vertebrate fliers. The wing rotated as two functional sections: the hindwing and the portion of the forewing with which it is in contact, and the distal half of the forewing. The latter displayed greater fluctuation in the angle of rotation, especially at the lower speeds. As forward speed increased, the discrepancy between the rotation angles of the two halfstrokes, and of the two wing sections, became smaller. The downstroke wing torsion was set early in the halfstroke and then held constant during the translational phase.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1242/jeb.200.21.2705

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 31 references

Cited by

See all 466

Metadata

Authors
Willmott, A. P., & Ellington, C. P.
Venue
Journal of Experimental Biology
Publisher
The Company of Biologists
Published
1997-11-01
Volume
200
Issue
21
Pages
2705-2722
ISSN
  • 0022-0949 (ISSN-L)
  • 1477-9145
DOI
10.1242/jeb.200.21.2705
OpenAlex
W2265507025
Cited by
466
References
31
FWCI
8.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The mechanics of flight in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta I. Kinematics of hovering and forward flight. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1242/jeb.200.21.2705
The paper
Willmott, A. P., & Ellington, C. P. (1997). The mechanics of flight in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta I. Kinematics of hovering and forward flight. Journal of Experimental Biology. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.21.2705

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.