The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mechanics and Energetics of Human Locomotion on Sand
Abstract
Moving about in nature often involves walking or running on a soft yielding substratum such as sand, which has a profound effect on the mechanics and energetics of locomotion. Force platform and cinematographic analyses were used to determine the mechanical work performed by human subjects during walking and running on sand and on a hard surface. Oxygen consumption was used to determine the energetic cost of walking and running under the same conditions. Walking on sand requires 1.6–2.5 times more mechanical work than does walking on a hard surface at the same speed. In contrast, running on sand requires only 1.15 times more mechanical work than does running on a hard surface at the same speed. Walking on sand requires 2.1–2.7 times more energy expenditure than does walking on a hard surface at the same speed; while running on sand requires 1.6 times more energy expenditure than does running on a hard surface. The increase in energy cost is due primarily to two effects: the mechanical work done on the sand, and a decrease in the efficiency of positive work done by the muscles and tendons.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For example, loose sand can double the cost compared to a smooth, hard surface [1,2].”
From Human walking in the real world: interactions between terrain type, gait parameters, and energy expenditure (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The metabolic energy cost for human walking varies considerably with terrain.”
From Human walking in the real world: interactions between terrain type, gait parameters, and energy expenditure (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The greater COT values for the rough surface likely reflects: greater rates of mechanical work performed on the center of mass and the substrate itself (Lejeune et al., 1998)”
From Preferred walking speed on rough terrain: is it all about energetics? (2019) · cites this paper as Lejeune et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“In the last case, significant elevations in walking metabolism above treadmill values on loose and slippery terrain are well documented (6, 16), but asphalt-treadmill comparisons have been inconsistent (17, 18) and consideration of other relevant surfaces, like grass, have been limited.”
From Real-world walking economy: can laboratory equations predict field energy expenditure? (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the impact of terrain on human walking speed can be determined (Lejeune, Willems and Heglund 1998; Soule and Goldman 1972) but remains unknown for a heavily loaded camel.”
From Building a model to reconstruct the hellenistic and roman road networks of the eastern desert of Egypt, a semi-empirical approach based on modern travelers’ itineraries (2021) · cites this paper as Lejeune, Willems and Heglund 1998
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the impact of terrain on human walking speed can be determined (Lejeune, Willems and Heglund 1998; Soule and Goldman 1972) but remains unknown for a heavily loaded camel.”
From Building a model to reconstruct the hellenistic and roman road networks of the eastern desert of Egypt, a semi-empirical approach based on modern travelers’ itineraries (2021) · cites this paper as Lejeune, Willems and Heglund 1998
Citations
Cites
Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures.
Savitzky, A., & Golay, M. J. E. (1964) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac60214a047 · Cited by 21,904
Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2006) · Cited by 2,633
Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition and Human Performance
Deuster, P. A. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.1.175b · Cited by 985
Energetics of running: a new perspective
Kram, R., & Taylor, C. R. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346265a0 · Cited by 821
The sources of external work in level walking and running.
Cavagna, G., Thys, H., & Zamboni, A. (1976) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011613 · Cited by 818
Margaria, R., Cerretelli, P., Aghemo, P., & Sassi, G. (1963) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1963.18.2.367 · Cited by 666
Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running
Cavagna, G. A., & Kaneko, M. (1977) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011866 · Cited by 664
Cavagna, G. (1975) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1975.39.1.174 · Cited by 625
Properties of body segments based on size and weight
Dempster, W. T., & Gaughran, G. R. L. (1967) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001200104 · Cited by 565
External, Internal and Total Work in Human Locomotion
Willems, P. A., Cavagna, G. A., & Heglund, N. C. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.198.2.379 · Cited by 405
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 24 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Margaria, 1938, Sulla fisiologia e especialmente sul consumo energetico della marcia e della corsa a varia velocitá ed inclinazione del terreno, Atti. dei Lincei, 7, 299
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 361
A model-based analysis of the mechanical cost of walking on uneven terrainPreprint
Voloshina, A. S., Kuo, A. D., Ferris, D. P., & Remy, C. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152330 · Cited by 9
Figueira, B., Vincėlovič, A., Batalha, N. M. P., & Paulauskas, R. (2025) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01302-3 · Cited by 8
Kinetics and mechanical work done to move the body centre of mass along a curve
Mesquita, R. M., Willems, P. A., Dewolf, A. H., & Catavitello, G. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298790 · Cited by 8
Self-citationBiomechanical Comparison of Human Walking Locomotion on Solid Ground and Sand
Zhu, C., Chen, X., & Yi, J. (2025) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4067842 · Cited by 8
Animal and Robotic Locomotion on Wet Granular Media
Bagheri, H., Taduru, V., Panchal, S., White, S., & Marvi, H. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63537-8_2 · Cited by 8
Amatachaya, S., Promkeaw, D., Arayawichanon, P., Thaweewannakij, T., & Amatachaya, P. (2020) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.08.009 · Cited by 8
Naylor, E. R., & Higham, T. E. (2021) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13969 · Cited by 8
Optimal pacing and carbohydrate intake strategies for ultramarathons
Pruitt, K. A., & Hill, J. M. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3741-7 · Cited by 8
Limits to human locomotor performance: phylogenetic origins and comparative perspectives
Dudley, R. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.204.18.3235 · Cited by 8
Velocity-Based Terrain Coefficients for Time-Based Models of Human Movement
Durham University, de Gruchy, M., Caswell, E., & Edwards, J. (2017) · Internet Archaeology · doi:10.11141/ia.45.4 · Cited by 7
Lesões ortopédicas nos praticantes de beach tennis no Brasil
da Costa, A. C., Dornelas, L. B., & Makishi, M. R. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1786521 · Cited by 7
Han, D., Zhang, R., Cao, Q., Jiang, L., & Li, J. (2021) · Journal of Terramechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jterra.2021.06.002 · Cited by 7
Fusi, S., Salvadego, D., & Bresadola, V. (2008) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-008-0046-6 · Cited by 7
DOES TRAINING ON SAND DURING OFF-SEASON IMPROVES PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN INDOOR VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS?
Trajković, N., Sporiš, G., & Krističević, T. (2016) · Acta kinesiologica · Cited by 7
MATCH ANALYSIS AND HEART RATE OF BEACH SOCCER PLAYERS DURING AMATEUR COMPETITION
Scarfone, R., Minganti, C., Ammendolia, A., Capranica, L., & Tessitore, A. (2015) · Cited by 7
Goat track networks facilitate efficiency in movement and foraging
Jin, B., Sun, G., Cheng, H., Zhang, Y., Zou, M., Ni, X., Luo, K., Zhang, X., Li, F., & Wu, X. B. (2019) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-019-00877-w · Cited by 7
Sánchez‐Sánchez, J., Felipe, J. L., Hernández-Martín, A., Viejo-Romero, D., Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Gallardo, L., & García‐Unanue, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88192-w · Cited by 7
Willems, P.-A., Schepens, B., & Detrembleur, C. (2012) · EMC - Kinésithérapie - Médecine physique - Réadaptation · doi:10.1016/s1283-0887(12)70034-8 · Cited by 7
Self-citationBoldina, A., Chung, H. C., Santos, A. M., & Steemers, K. (2022) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2022.2146567 · Cited by 7
Marmol-Guijarro, A. C., Nudds, R. L., Marrin, J. C., Folkow, L. P., & Codd, J. R. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47989-6 · Cited by 7
Panebianco, G. P., Bisi, M. C., Mangia, A. L., Fantozzi, S., & Stagni, R. (2021) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.03.019 · Cited by 7
Real-world walking economy: can laboratory equations predict field energy expenditure?
Weyand, P. G., Ludlow, L. W., Nollkamper, J. J., & Buller, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00121.2021 · Cited by 6
Narvariya, P., Rathore, P., Dhull, M., Kumar, A., Pal, I. S., Sarmah, B., & Thapa, R. K. (2024) · Biomedical Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/bhk-2024-0035 · Cited by 6
Kamińska, J., Podgórski, T., Kryściak, J., & Pawlak, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145046 · Cited by 6
Richardson, M. C., English, B., & Chesterton, P. (2022) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2022.2125566 · Cited by 6
HONDA, K., Sekiguchi, Y., & Izumi, S. (2023) · Biomechanics · doi:10.3390/biomechanics3010010 · Cited by 6
Flat Versus Simulated Mountain Trail Running: A Multidisciplinary Comparison in Well-Trained Runners
Skroče, K., Bettega, S., D’Emanuele, S., Boccia, G., Schena, F. F., & Tarperi, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065189 · Cited by 6
Foot Shape-Dependent Resistive Force Model for Bipedal Walkers on Granular Terrains
Chen, X., Anikode, A., Yi, J., & Liu, T. (2024) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra57147.2024.10610190 · Cited by 6
The Effects of Railroad Ballast Surface and Slope on Rearfoot Motion in Walking
Kwon, Y.-H., Hutcheson, L., Casebolt, J. B., Ryu, J.-H., & Singhal, K. (2012) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.28.4.457 · Cited by 6
Skelly, W. A., Darby, L. A., & Phillips, K. (2003) · Cited by 6
Comparative Studies Reveal Principles of Movement on and Within Granular Media
Ding, Y., Gravish, N., Li, C., Maladen, R. D., Mazouchova, N., Sharpe, S. S., Umbanhowar, P. B., & Goldman, D. I. (2012) · The IMA volumes in mathematics and its applications · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3997-4_24 · Cited by 6
Vega, C. M., & Ashley‐Ross, M. A. (2020) · Integrative Organismal Biology · doi:10.1093/iob/obaa029 · Cited by 6
Maikala, R. V., Ciriello, V. M., Dempsey, P. G., & O’Brien, N. V. (2009) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2009.06.003 · Cited by 6
Effects of stretch on work from fast and slow muscles of mice: damped and undamped energy release
Syme, D. A., & Grattan, M. (2002) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y02-110 · Cited by 6
Yoo, B. (2014) · J. Willard Marriott Library · doi:10.26053/0h-vf5c-7400 · Cited by 6
Differences in Game Dynamics between High-Level Volleyball and Beach Volleyball Matches
Đurković, T., Babok, D., & Rešetar, T. (2024) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk9010028 · Cited by 5
Sannicandro, I., Cofano, G., D’Onofrio, R., & Piccinno, A. (2023) · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · doi:10.17309/tmfv.2023.4.20 · Cited by 5
The effects of loose, firm, fine, and coarse substrates on the movement of the red flour beetle
Hanna, K., & Scharf, I. (2024) · Insect Science · doi:10.1111/1744-7917.13406 · Cited by 5
A multi-modal sensing based terrain identification approach for active lower limb exoskeletons
DAŞ, D. B., Daş, O., & İnalpolat, M. (2025) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2025.126862 · Cited by 5
Uneven terrain affects metabolic cost and gait in simulated complex lunar surfaces
Kim, K. J., Baughman, A., Estep, P. N., Rivas, E., Young, M., Marshall-Goebel, K. J., Abercromby, A. F. J., & Somers, J. T. (2023) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/acf993 · Cited by 5
Turchet, L., Camponogara, I., Nardello, F., Zamparo, P., & Cesari, P. (2017) · Applied Acoustics · doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.08.021 · Cited by 5
Shi, H., Li, H., Liu, H., & Yu, B. (2019) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.024 · Cited by 5
Metaphoricity in the real estate showroom: Affordance spaces for sensorimotor shopping
Harrison, S., & Fleming, D. H. (2019) · Metaphor and Symbol · doi:10.1080/10926488.2019.1591717 · Cited by 5
Mielke, F., Ginneken, C. J. V., & Aerts, P. (2019) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz135 · Cited by 5
Influence of sports background on the bouncing mechanism of running
Nuñez-Lisboa, M., Peñailillo, L., Cancino, J., Zbinden‐Foncea, H., & Dewolf, A. H. (2021) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1884284 · Cited by 5
Yun, S. H., Cho, M. J., & Kwon, J. W. (2021) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110876 · Cited by 5
Maikala, R. V., Dempsey, P. G., Ciriello, V. M., & O’Brien, N. V. (2009) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130802524625 · Cited by 5
Pilaczyńska-Szczȩśniak, Ł., Lisiecki, D., Kasprzak, Z., Karolkiewicz, J., Śliwicka, E., Nowak, A., Podgórski, T., & Lewandowska, M. (2011) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/v10078-011-0007-z · Cited by 5
Comparing Gait Between Outdoors and Inside a Laboratory
Scanlon, J. M. (2014) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.2580.2000 · Cited by 5
Human-natural sports surface interaction
Guisasola, I. N. (2008) · CERES (Cranfield University) · Cited by 5
Evaluation of a force plate system for measuring center of pressure in railroad ballast
Xu, H., Merryweather, A., & Bloswick, D. S. (2016) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.013 · Cited by 4
The Energetics and Biomechanics of Walking and Running
di Prampero, P. E., & Ferretti, G. (2023) · Perspectives in physiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19197-8_5 · Cited by 4
Cobos, D. L., Martínez-Aranda, L. M., Sanz-Matesanz, M., Cuadrado‐Peñafiel, V., & Ortega‐Becerra, M. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14072952 · Cited by 4
Assistive Control of Knee Exoskeletons for Human Walking on Sandy Terrain
Zhu, C., Chen, X., & Yi, J. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3608132 · Cited by 4
A day at the beach: Does visually perceived distance depend on the energetic cost of walking?
Baxter, B. A., & Warren, W. H. (2021) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.21.12.13 · Cited by 4
Northrop, A. J., Martin, J. H., Peterson, M., Roepstorff, L., Hernlund, E., & Hobbs, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103838 · Cited by 4
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВЛЕНОСТІ ДІВЧАТ, ЯКІ ЗАЙМАЮТЬСЯ ПЛЯЖНИМ ВОЛЕЙБОЛОМ
Samokhvalova, I. Y., Кисельов, В. О., & Харченко, С. М. (2022) · Visnyk of Zaporizhzhya National University Physical education and Sports · doi:10.26661/2663-5925-2022-2-07 · Cited by 4
A simple model of energy expenditure in human locomotion
Romeo, F. (2009) · Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física · doi:10.1590/s1806-11172009000400008 · Cited by 4
Composite Fabrics for Functional Clothing
Ledbury, J., & Jenkins, E. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19359-6 · Cited by 4
Antarctica on foot: the energy expended to walk, ski and man-haul
Halsey, L. G., Lambert, R., Collins, P. M., Newnham, A., Kumar, A., O’Driscoll, C., & Stroud, M. A. (2015) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1818-5 · Cited by 4
High-performance apparel for outdoor pursuits
Jenkins, E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100904-8.00021-3 · Cited by 4
(2017) · International Journal of Sports and Physical Education · doi:10.20431/2454-6380.0303001 · Cited by 4
Agility training in volleyball.
Bonato, M., CAPITANI, M. C. D., & Banfi, G. (2022) · PubMed · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12084-5 · Cited by 3
Apport d’un entraînement spécifique dans le sable sur la stabilité de la cheville
Latour, M. B., Mangione, C., & Feldheim, É. (2010) · Kinésithérapie la Revue · doi:10.1016/s1779-0123(10)74989-5 · Cited by 3
Vassallo, C., Kilduff, L. P., Cummins, C. J., Murphy, A. J., Gray, A. J., & Waldron, M. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1931463 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of surface type and time of day on agility course performance
Markley, A. P., Kieves, N. R., Rivas, L. B., & Shoben, A. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1415634 · Cited by 3
Squassoni, S. D., Machado, N. C., Lapa, M. S., Cordoni, P. K., Bortolassi, L. C., Oliveira, J. N., Tavares, C. M. R., & Fiss, E. (2014) · Einstein (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s1679-45082014ao3139 · Cited by 3
Bipedial Locomotion Up Sandy Slopes: Systematic Experiments Using Zero Moment Point Methods
Gosyne, J., Hubicki, C. M., Xiong, X., Ames, A. D., & Goldman, D. I. (2018) · IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids) · doi:10.1109/humanoids.2018.8624959 · Cited by 3
EL ENTRENAMIENTO DEL SPRINT CON MÉTODOS RESISTIDOS
Alcaráz, P. E. (2010) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 3
Fabrics for Performance Clothing
Sabir, T., & Wood, J. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19359-5 · Cited by 3
A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces
Colino, E., García‐Unanue, J., Hooren, B. V., Gallardo, L., Meijer, K., Lucı́a, A., & Felipe, J. L. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20092724 · Cited by 3
Dewolf, A. H., Mesquita, R. M., & Willems, P. A. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01304-w · Cited by 3
Self-citationHarrison, A. J., Jensen, R. L., & McCabe, C. B. (2004) · Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) · Cited by 3
Effects of animal management changes on the activity budgets and walking rates of zoo elephants
Mackey, A. D. (2014) · Aquila Digital Community (University of Southern Mississippi) · Cited by 3
EVALUATION OF THE ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURING WALKING IN ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS PATIENTS
boroujeni, M. K., Karimi, M. T., & Etemadifar, M. R. (2015) · Cited by 2
Bennett, M. R., & Morse, S. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08572-2_1 · Cited by 2
Human energy expenditure and thermoregulation during persistence hunting in the Namib
Hora, M., Dattatreya, R., Struška, M., Pontzer, H., & Sládek, V. (2025) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103773 · Cited by 2
Validity of Stryd Running Power for Estimating Metabolic Demand During Incline Treadmill Running
van Rassel, C. R., Gow, S., Watanabe, T., Jaén‐Carrillo, D., & MacInnis, M. J. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2025-0382 · Cited by 2
Locomotion efficiency of elephants: mechanical work and energetics
Genin, J. G., Dewolf, A. H., Willems, P. A., & Heglund, N. C. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.250928 · Cited by 2
Self-citationCetolin, T., Foza, V., Carminatti, L. J., Guglielmo, L. G. A., & da Silva, J. F. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance · doi:10.5007/1980-0037.2010v12n1p29 · Cited by 2
Energetics and Resource Optimization for Planetary EVA Operations in Steep Terrain
Chappell, S. P. (2004) · Space 2004 Conference and Exhibit · doi:10.2514/6.2004-6078 · Cited by 2
Bioenergetics of Cyclic Sports Activities on Land
Zamparo, P., Capelli, C., & Pogliaghi, S. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396454-0.00013-8 · Cited by 2
Kaewjoho, C., Thaweewannakij, T., Mato, L., Nakmaroeng, S., Phadungkit, S., & Amatachaya, S. (2020) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2019-0246 · Cited by 2
Time-Motion Analysis of Men’s Professional Beach Volleyball
Hammond, K. G., Harry, J. R., Hays, C. W., & Schilling, B. K. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Human Performance · Cited by 2
Okai-Nóbrega, L. A., Santos, T. R. T., Lage, A. P., de Araújo, P. A., Souza, T. R., & Fonseca, S. T. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1741021 · Cited by 2
Erratum to: The Effect of Limb Kinematics on the Speed of a Legged Robot on Granular Media
Li, C., Umbanhowar, P. B., Komsuoḡlu, H., & Goldman, D. I. (2011) · Experimental Mechanics · doi:10.1007/s11340-011-9497-9 · Cited by 2
Bidder, O. R., Qasem, L. A., & Wilson, R. P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/cde9d37a-6b33-40d7-b6d4-83cdf443c942 · Cited by 2
Kwon, C.-W., Yun, S. H., & Kwon, J. W. (2022) · The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy · doi:10.18857/jkpt.2022.34.1.45 · Cited by 1
Kotev, V. K., & Yankov, B. (2022) · doi:10.37393/icass2022/94 · Cited by 1
Xie, X., Tongdecharoen, W., & Tasnaina, N. (2025) · International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews · doi:10.60027/ijsasr.2025.5646 · Cited by 1
Samokhvalova, I. Y. (2024) · Педагогічні науки теорія історія інноваційні технології · doi:10.24139/2312-5993/2024.06/463-470 · Cited by 1
Wang, T., Zhai, H., Yan, H., Zhou, Y., Li, Z., Wei, H., & Geng, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1737074 · Cited by 1
Marcelino, R., Costa, J. A., & Brito, J. (2026) · Football Studies · doi:10.1016/j.footst.2026.100038 · Cited by 1
Passos, D. S. L. E., Balogh, L., & Pucsok, J. M. (2021) · STADIUM - Hungarian Journal of Sport Sciences · doi:10.36439/shjs/2021/2/10559 · Cited by 1
Effects of a Vigorous Gait on Mechanical Work and Oxygen Uptake during Treadmill Walking
Azuma, A. (2014) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/06.26.pms.119c11z4 · Cited by 1
Theos, A., & Gortsila, E. (2017) · International Journal of Pediatric Health Care & Advancements · doi:10.19070/2572-7354-1700014 · Cited by 1
Bioenergetics of Cyclic Sport Activities on Land
Zamparo, P., Capelli, C., & Pogliaghi, S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813922-6.00011-4 · Cited by 1
Willems, P. A., Schepens, B., & Detrembleur, C. (2012) · EMC - Medicina Riabilitativa · doi:10.1016/s1283-078x(12)62015-x · Cited by 1
Self-citationStudy on the performative effects of cause-based vs effect-based teaching in adolescent athletes
Fogliata, A., Borghini, R., & Ambretti, A. (2023) · Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance · doi:10.55860/lahu8849 · Cited by 1
Locomotor kinematics on sand versus vinyl flooring in the sidewinder rattlesnake Crotalus cerastes
Tingle, J., Sherman, B. M., & Garland, T. (2023) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.060146 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Lejeune, T. M., Willems, P. A., & Heglund, N. C.
- Affiliations
- Université catholique de Louvain , Place P. de Coubertin , 1 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Biology
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 1998-07-01
- Volume
- 201
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2071-2080
- ISSN
- 0022-0949 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9145
- OpenAlex
- W2146393466
- Cited by
- 363
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- human locomotion, mechanical work, energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, muscle efficiency, gait energetics
- MeSH terms
- Biomechanical Phenomena, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Running, Soil, Tendons, Walking, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
