Combination of Baicalein and Amphotericin B Accelerates Candida albicans Apoptosis
Open accessAbstract
Candida albicans is the most important human fungal pathogen. Amphotericin (AmB) is a gold standard of antifungal treatment for fungi, but the severe side effect of this drug restricts its clinical application. In this study, the interaction of AmB and baicalein (BE) was investigated against thirty clinical isolates of C. albicans. Synergistic activities were determined using the checkerboard microdilution assay based on the fractional inhibitory concentration indices. Combination of BE and AmB accelerated C. albicans apoptosis accompanied with an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, AmB increased the caspase activity and expression of the corresponding gene CaMCA1 in C. albicans. These effects were enhanced in the presence of BE. Deletion of CaMCA1 clearly attenuated AmB-induced apoptosis, indicating the involvement of CaMCA1-mediated caspase pathway in AmB-induced apoptosis and the synergistic action.
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Baicalin, berberine, and osthole can elevate ROS levels in C. albicans, thereby bolstering antifungal potency of azoles.
“Our previous investigations have demonstrated that baicalin, berberine, and osthole can elevate ROS levels in C. albicans, thereby bolstering the antifungal potency of azoles58–60.”
From Impairing the interaction between Erg11 and cytochrome P450 reductase Ncp1 enhances azoles’ antifungal activities (2025) · cites this paper as [59]
The opening summary reports increased ROS and antifungal synergy in C. albicans, but the tested combination was baicalein with amphotericin B—not baicalin with an azole. The Discussion mentions antifungal activity of baicalein with fluconazole, but does not link that combination to ROS; the cited paper does not establish the claim for berberine or osthole. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Fu, Z., Lu, H., Zhu, Z., Yan, L., Jiang, Y., & Cao, Y.
- Affiliations
- Second Military Medical University (CN)
- Venue
- Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
- Publisher
- Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 214-218
- ISSN
- 0918-6158 (ISSN-L)
- 1347-5215
- OpenAlex
- W2016007336
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (30870105)
- Changhai Hospital of Shanghai
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Flavonoids in Medical Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, baicalein, amphotericin B, drug synergy, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, caspase activity, antifungal agents, combination therapy
- MeSH terms
- Amphotericin B, Antifungal Agents, Candida albicans, Drug Synergism, Plant Extracts, Gene Expression, Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Caspases, Scutellaria baicalensis, Flavanones
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