Adaptation of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adapts to endurance excerise, such as long distance running, with an increase in the capacity for aerobic metabolism. This is reflected in an increased capacity of whole homogenates and of the mitochondrial fraction of muscle to oxidize pyruvate and long chain fatty acids. Underlying this increase in the ability to obtain energy by respiration is an increase in the levels of a number of mitochondrial enzymes. These include the enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, the components of the respiratory chain that link the oxidation of succinate and NADH to oxygen, and coupling factor 1. These increases in mitochondrial enzyme activity appear to be due to an increase in enzyme protein as evidenced by a doubling of the concentration of cytochrome c and a 60% increase in the protein content of the mitochondrial fraction skeletal muscle. Electronmicroscopic studies suggest that increases in both the size and number of mitochondria are responsible for the increase in mitochondrial protein. An alteration in mitochondrial composition also occurs, with some mitochondrial enzymes increasing 2-fold, others increasing only 35% to 60%, while others, including mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase and adenylate kinase do not increase at all. As a result of these and other exercise induced biochemical adaptations skeletal muscle tends to become more like heart muscle in its enzyme pattern.
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Exercise training increases mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle.
“It is well known that exercise training increases mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle [16–19]”
From Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle (2007) · cites this paper as [18]
The cellular and mitochondrial changes in response to exercise training occur in parallel.
“The cellular and mitochondrial changes in response to exercise training occur in parallel.”
From Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle (2007) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- HOLLOSZY, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- HOLLOSZY, JOHN O.
- Venue
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
- Published
- 1975
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155???164
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035731143
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 10.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle, endurance exercise, aerobic metabolism, mitochondrial enzymes, fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, electron transport chain, coupling factor 1, cytochrome c, mitochondrial protein content, mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle fiber type shift, long-distance running
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adenosine Diphosphate, Adenosine Triphosphate, Adenylate Kinase, Animals, Creatine Kinase, Energy Transfer, Physical Exertion, Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase, Hexokinase, Humans, Lactates, Male, Mitochondria, Muscle, Muscles, Myocardium, Myoglobin, NAD, NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases, Oxygen Consumption, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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