Muscle performance during the menstrual cycle correlates with psychological well-being, but not fluctuations in sex hormones
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PURPOSE: We aimed to study variations in strength and power performance during the menstrual cycle (MC) in eumenorrheic young women and during the pill cycle in oral contraceptives (OC) users. METHODS: Forty healthy, normal-weight women between 18 and 35 yr (n = 30 eumenorrheic women; n = 10 OC users) completed this prospective cohort study. Seven to nine times during the MC/pill-cycle, the participants completed a physical performance test series, a questionnaire about psychological well-being, blood sampling, and determination of body mass. The physical tests included isometric handgrip strength, elbow flexor strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and a 10-s Wingate bike test. RESULTS: No direct correlation was observed between the variations in sex hormones and physical performance parameters. However, positive correlations were observed between physical performance outcomes and self-reported motivation, perception of own physical performance level, pleasure level, and arousal level. CMJ was 6% lower in the late luteal phase (LL) compared with the midluteal phase (ML) (P = 0.04). Wingate peak power was 3% lower in early follicular (EF) compared with the ML (P = 0.04). Furthermore, Wingate average power was 2%-5% lower in LL compared with all other MC phases. In line with these observations, physical pain was higher in EF and LL, and the pleasure level was lower in EF compared with the other MC phases. In OC users, we observed no variation in performance and self-reported parameters between the placebo-pill phase and the OC-pill phase. CONCLUSIONS: Impairments in CMJ and Wingate performance were observed at the end and start of MC compared with other MC phases, which were associated with lower psychological well-being, but not the sex hormone fluctuations.
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More detailed data from healthy adult women confirmed E2 values of 100-181-730 pmol L−1 (27-49-199 pg mL−1) for early-mid-late-follicular phase and 386-599-395 pmol L−1 (105-163-108 pg mL−1) for early-mid-late-luteal phase, with wide variability and some women showing values as high as 2500 pmol L−1.
“More detailed data coming from healthy adult women confirmed it as well: 100-181-730 pmol L−1 (27-49-199 pg mL−1) for early-mid-late-follicular phase and 386-599-395 pmol L−1 (105-163-108 pg mL−1) for early-mid-late- luteal phase, respectively314 but with wide variability with some women showing values as high as 2500 pmol L−1.”
From Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome. (2024) · cites this paper as [314]
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- Authors
- DAM, T. V., DALGAARD, L. B., SEVDALIS, V., BIBBY, B. M., JANSE DE JONGE, X., GRAVHOLT, C. H., & HANSEN, M.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, AUSTRALIA
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2022-10
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1678-1689
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0315
- PMC
- PMC9473716
- OpenAlex
- W4295898657
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 12.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Aarhus Universitet
- Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfond
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF18SA0055896)
- Region Midtjylland
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, muscle strength, muscle power, psychological well-being, sex hormones, oral contraceptives, countermovement jump, Wingate test, grip strength, luteal phase, follicular phase, motivation, bodily pain, pleasure, arousal
- MeSH terms
- Contraceptives, Oral, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Muscles, Prospective Studies, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Hand Strength
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