Cited by 1,912Urban Transport and AccessibilityUrban Green Space and HealthUrban Design and Spatial Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Built Environment Correlates of Walking: A Review

Open access

SAELENS, BRIAN E., HANDY, SUSAN L.·2008·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1249/mss.0b013e31817c67a4PMC PMC2921187

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in empirical investigation into the relations between built environment and physical activity. To create places that facilitate and encourage walking, practitioners need an understanding of the specific characteristics of the built environment that correlate most strongly with walking. This article reviews evidence on the built environment correlates with walking. METHOD: Included in this review were 13 reviews published between 2002 and 2006 and 29 original studies published in 2005 and up through May 2006. Results were summarized based on specific characteristics of the built environment and transportation walking versus recreational walking. RESULTS: Previous reviews and newer studies document consistent positive relations between walking for transportation and density, distance to nonresidential destinations, and land use mix; findings for route/network connectivity, parks and open space, and personal safety are more equivocal. Results regarding recreational walking were less clear. CONCLUSIONS: More recent evidence supports the conclusions of prior reviews, and new studies address some of the limitations of earlier studies. Although prospective studies are needed, evidence on correlates appears sufficient to support policy changes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1249/mss.0b013e31817c67a4

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures
Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2003) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2502_03 · Cited by 2,285
Self-citation
The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activityA systematic review1 and 2
KAHN, E., RAMSEY, L., BROWNSON, R., HEATH, G., HOWZE, E., POWELL, K., STONE, E., RAJAB, M., & CORSO, P. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00434-8 · Cited by 2,022
How the built environment affects physical activity
Handy, S., Boarnet, M. G., Ewing, R., & Killingsworth, R. E. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00475-0 · Cited by 1,920
Self-citation
Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity A review
Humpel, N. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00426-3 · Cited by 1,783
Increasing walking
Giles‐Corti, B., Broomhall, M. H., Knuiman, M. W., Collins, C. G., Douglas, K., Ng, K., Lange, A., & Donovan, R. J. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.018 · Cited by 1,523
Many Pathways from Land Use to Health: Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality
Frank, L. D., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Chapman, J. E., Saelens, B. E., & Bachman, W. (2006) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944360608976725 · Cited by 1,426
Self-citation
Understanding environmental influences on walking
Owen, N. G., Humpel, N., Leslie, E. R., Bauman, A. E., & Sallis, J. F. (2004) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.03.006 · Cited by 1,348
A Prospective Study of Walking as Compared with Vigorous Exercise in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Manson, J. E., Hu, F. B., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908263410904 · Cited by 1,005
Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical activity among urban adults
Hoehner, C. M., Ramirez, L. K. B., Elliott, M., Handy, S., & Brownson, R. C. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.023 · Cited by 898
Self-citation
Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale
Cerin, E., Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000227639.83607.4d · Cited by 822
Self-citation

Show all 68 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Ewing, 2005, Neighborhood schools and sidewalk connections: What are the impacts on travel mode choice and vehicle emissions?, Transport Res News, 237, 4
Spence, 2006, Perceived neighbourhood correlates of walking among participants visiting the Canada on the Move website., Can J Public Health, 97, S36

Sorted by citations

Travel and the Built Environment
Ewing, R., & Cervero, R. (2010) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944361003766766 · Cited by 5,775
Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?
Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60735-1 · Cited by 4,151
Neighborhoods and health
Roux, A. V. D., & Mair, C. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x · Cited by 2,922
Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease
Sallis, J. F., Floyd, M. F., Rodrı́guez, D. A., & Saelens, B. E. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.969022 · Cited by 1,351
Self-citation
Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research
McCormack, G. R., Rock, M. J., Toohey, A. M., & Hignell, D. (2010) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003 · Cited by 1,094
Neighborhood Environment and Physical Activity Among Youth
Ding, D., Sallis, J. F., Kerr, J., Lee, S., & Rosenberg, D. E. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.036 · Cited by 914
In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults
McCormack, G. R., & Shiell, A. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-125 · Cited by 899
Adults' Sedentary Behavior
Owen, N. G., Sugiyama, T., Eakin, E., Gardiner, P. A., Tremblay, M. S., & Sallis, J. F. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.013 · Cited by 944
Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being
Mouratidis, K. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103229 · Cited by 1,060
Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport – an update and new findings on health equity
Smith, M., Hosking, J., Woodward, A. J., Witten, K., Macmillan, A. K., Field, A., Baas, P. H., & Mackie, H. W. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9 · Cited by 955
Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century
Rydin, Y., Bleahu, A., Davies, M., Dávila, J. D., Friel, S., Grandis, G. D., Groce, N. E., Hallal, P. C., Hamilton, I., Howden‐Chapman, P., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60435-8 · Cited by 889
Neighborhood Environment in Studies of Health of Older Adults
Yen, I. H., Michael, Y. L., & Perdue, L. A. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.022 · Cited by 844
Neighborhood built environment and income: Examining multiple health outcomes
Sallis, J. F., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., Conway, T. L., Slymen, D. J., Cain, K. L., Chapman, J. E., & Kerr, J. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.017 · Cited by 655
Self-citation
Improving health through policies that promote active travel: A review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment
de Nazelle, A. J., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Antó, J. M., Brauer, M. D., Briggs, D., Braun‐Fahrländer, C., Cavill, N., Cooper, A. R., Desqueyroux, H., Fruin, S. A., et al. (2011) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.003 · Cited by 662
Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Afshin, A., Benowitz, N. L., Bittner, V., Daniels, S. R., Franch, H. A., Jacobs, D. R., Kraus, W. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Krummel, D. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b · Cited by 601
Built environment, physical activity, and obesity: What have we learned from reviewing the literature?
Ding, D., & Gebel, K. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.021 · Cited by 549
Crime, fear of crime, environment, and mental health and wellbeing: Mapping review of theories and causal pathways
Lorenc, T., Clayton, S., Neary, D., Whitehead, M. M., Petticrew, M. P., Thomson, H., Cummins, S., Sowden, A. J., & Renton, A. M. (2012) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.04.001 · Cited by 559
Walking Distance by Trip Purpose and Population Subgroups
Yang, Y. J., & Roux, A. V. D. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.015 · Cited by 520
A systematic review of built environment factors related to physical activity and obesity risk: implications for smart growth urban planning
Durand, C. P., Andalib, M., Dunton, G. F., Wolch, J. R., & Pentz, M. A. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00826.x · Cited by 508
Neighborhood Environments and Physical Activity Among Adults in 11 Countries
Sallis, J. F., Bowles, H. R., Bauman, A. E., Ainsworth, B. E., Bull, F., Craig, C. L., Sjöstróm, M., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Lefevre, J., Matsudo, V. K. R., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.031 · Cited by 506
Relationship between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review
Cauwenberg, J. V., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Meester, F. D., Dyck, D. V., Salmon, J., Clarys, P., & Deforche, B. I. (2010) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.11.010 · Cited by 502
Validation of Walk Score® for Estimating Neighborhood Walkability: An Analysis of Four US Metropolitan Areas
Duncan, D. T., Aldstadt, J., Whalen, J., Melly, S. J., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8114160 · Cited by 499
Adult Sedentary Behavior
Rhodes, R. E., Mark, R. S., & Temmel, C. S. D. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.020 · Cited by 529
Walking and cycling to health: a comparative analysis of city, state, and international data.
Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Bassett, D., & Dannenberg, A. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.189324 · Cited by 477
The built environment as a determinant of physical activity: a systematic review of longitudinal studies and natural experiments
Kärmeniemi, M., Lankila, T., Ikäheimo, T., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., & Korpelainen, R. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax043 · Cited by 446
Walk Score™ As a Global Estimate of Neighborhood Walkability
Carr, L. J., DUNSIGER, S. I., & Marcus, B. H. (2010) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.07.007 · Cited by 432
Using Google Street View to investigate the association between street greenery and physical activity
Lü, Y. (2018) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.08.029 · Cited by 420
Measuring walkability for distinct pedestrian groups with a participatory assessment method: A case study in Lisbon
Moura, F., Cambra, P., & Gonçalves, A. B. (2016) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.002 · Cited by 407
A review on the effects of physical built environment attributes on enhancing walking and cycling activity levels within residential neighborhoods
Wang, Y., Chau, C. K., Ng, W. Y., & Leung, T. M. (2015) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2015.08.004 · Cited by 423
The Role of the Built Environment in Healthy Aging
Kerr, J., Rosenberg, D. E., & Frank, L. D. (2012) · Journal of Planning Literature · doi:10.1177/0885412211415283 · Cited by 393
Analyzing the effects of Green View Index of neighborhood streets on walking time using Google Street View and deep learning
Ki, D., & Lee, S. (2020) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103920 · Cited by 388
Obesogenic environments: a systematic review of the association between the physical environment and adult weight status, the SPOTLIGHT project
Mackenbach, J. D., Rutter, H., Compernolle, S., Glonti, K., Oppert, J., Charreire, H., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Brug, J., Nijpels, G., & Lakerveld, J. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-233 · Cited by 384
Built Environment Influences on Healthy Transportation Choices: Bicycling versus Driving
Winters, M., Brauer, M. D., Setton, E. M., & Teschke, K. (2010) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9509-6 · Cited by 381
Association of Neighborhood Walkability With Change in Overweight, Obesity, and Diabetes
Creatore, M. I., Glazier, R. H., Moineddin, R., Fazli, G. S., Johns, A., Gozdyra, P., Matheson, F. I., Shriqui, V. K., Rosella, L. C., Manuel, D. G., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5898 · Cited by 381
Conceptualizing Age-Friendly Communities
Menec, V. H., Means, R., Keating, N. C., Parkhurst, G. P., & Eales, J. (2011) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980811000237 · Cited by 370
The effect of street-level greenery on walking behavior: Evidence from Hong Kong
Lü, Y., Sarkar, C., & Xiao, Y. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.022 · Cited by 367
Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y): Reliability and relationship with physical activity
Rosenberg, D. E., Ding, D., Sallis, J. F., Kerr, J., Norman, G. J., Durant, N. H., Harris, S. K., & Saelens, B. E. (2009) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.011 · Cited by 357
Self-citation
Relationship between the physical environment and different domains of physical activity in European adults: a systematic review
Holle, V. V., Deforche, B. I., Cauwenberg, J. V., Goubert, L., Maes, L., de Weghe, N. V., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-807 · Cited by 360
Aging in neighborhoods differing in walkability and income: Associations with physical activity and obesity in older adults
King, A. C., Sallis, J. F., Frank, L. D., Saelens, B. E., Cain, K. L., Conway, T. L., Chapman, J. E., Ahn, D. K., & Kerr, J. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.032 · Cited by 331
Self-citation
The influence of urban design on neighbourhood walking following residential relocation: Longitudinal results from the RESIDE study
Giles‐Corti, B., Bull, F., Knuiman, M. W., McCormack, G. R., Niel, K. V., Timperio, A. F., Christian, H. E., Foster, S. A., Divitini, M., Middleton, N., et al. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.10.016 · Cited by 326
Correlates associated with participation in physical activity among adults: a systematic review of reviews and update
Choi, J., Lee, J., Lee, J., Kang, D., & Choi, J. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4255-2 · Cited by 358
Correlates of Non-Concordance between Perceived and Objective Measures of Walkability
Gebel, K., Bauman, A. E., & Owen, N. G. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9098-3 · Cited by 325
Active-transport walking behavior: destinations, durations, distances
Millward, H., Spinney, J. E. L., & Scott, D. M. (2012) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.11.012 · Cited by 315
Mixed land use and walkability: Variations in land use measures and relationships with BMI, overweight, and obesity
Brown, B. B., Yamada, I., Smith, K. R., Zick, C. D., Kowaleski‐Jones, L., & Fan, J. X. (2009) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.008 · Cited by 310
The Impact of Transit-oriented Development on Housing Prices in San Diego, CA
Duncan, M. (2010) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098009359958 · Cited by 307
Destination and Route Attributes Associated with Adults’ Walking
Sugiyama, T., Neuhaus, M., Cole, R. L., Giles‐Corti, B., & Owen, N. G. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318247d286 · Cited by 297
Mismatch between perceived and objectively assessed neighborhood walkability attributes: Prospective relationships with walking and weight gain
Gebel, K., Bauman, A. E., Sugiyama, T., & Owen, N. G. (2010) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.008 · Cited by 293
A review of urban physical environment sensing using street view imagery in public health studies
Kang, Y., Zhang, F., Gao, S., Lin, H. Z., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Annals of GIS · doi:10.1080/19475683.2020.1791954 · Cited by 311
Neighborhood SES and walkability are related to physical activity behavior in Belgian adults
Dyck, D. V., Cardon, G., Deforche, B. I., Sallis, J. F., Owen, N. G., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2009) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.027 · Cited by 293
Neighbourhood walkability: A review and bibliometric analysis
Wang, H., & Yang, Y. (2019) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.015 · Cited by 289
Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Attributes Associated with Walking and Cycling for Transport among Adult Residents of 17 Cities in 12 Countries: The IPEN Study
Kerr, J., Emond, J. A., Badland, H. M., Reis, R. S., Sarmiento, O. L., Carlson, J., Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Cain, K. L., Conway, T. L., et al. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1409466 · Cited by 284
Ten questions concerning age-friendly cities and communities and the built environment
van Hoof, J., Marston, H. R., Kazak, J. K., & Buffel, T. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107922 · Cited by 325
Residential built environment and walking activity: Empirical evidence of Jane Jacobs’ urban vitality
Sung, H., & Lee, S. (2015) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.009 · Cited by 277
Active accessibility: A review of operational measures of walking and cycling accessibility
Vale, D., Saraiva, M., & Pereira, M. F. (2015) · Journal of Transport and Land Use · doi:10.5198/jtlu.2015.593 · Cited by 272
Pathways from built environment to health: A conceptual framework linking behavior and exposure-based impacts
Frank, L. D., Iroz‐Elardo, N., MacLeod, K. E., & Hong, A. (2019) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.008 · Cited by 289
Age Differences in the Relation of Perceived Neighborhood Environment to Walking
Shigematsu, R., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., Cain, K. L., Chapman, J. E., & King, A. C. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318185496c · Cited by 271
Self-citation
How important is the land use mix measure in understanding walking behaviour? Results from the RESIDE study
Christian, H. E., Bull, F., Middleton, N. J., Knuiman, M. W., Divitini, M., Hooper, P., Amarasinghe, A. K., & Giles‐Corti, B. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-55 · Cited by 271
Streetscape Features Related to Pedestrian Activity
Ewing, R., Hajrasouliha, A. H., Neckerman, K. M., Purciel, M., & Greene, W. H. (2015) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x15591585 · Cited by 270
Built Environment, Selected Risk Factors and Major Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Malambo, P., Kengne, A. P., de Villiers, A., Lambert, E. V., & Puoane, T. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166846 · Cited by 265
Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use: a study of six small U.S. cities
Handy, S., Xing, Y., & Buehler, T. J. (2010) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-010-9269-x · Cited by 264
Self-citation
Exploring associations between urban green, street design and walking: Results from the Greater London boroughs
Sarkar, C., Webster, C. J., Pryor, M., Tang, D. Y. Y., Melbourne, S. J., Zhang, X., & Jianzheng, L. (2015) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.06.013 · Cited by 276
New Walking and Cycling Routes and Increased Physical Activity: One- and 2-Year Findings From the UK iConnect Study
Goodman, A., Sahlqvist, S., & Ogilvie, D. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302059 · Cited by 256
International variation in neighborhood walkability, transit, and recreation environments using geographic information systems: the IPEN adult study
Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Schipperijn, J., Smith, G., Chapman, J. E., Christiansen, L. B., Coffee, N. T., Salvo, D., Toit, L. D., Dygrýn, J., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/1476-072x-13-43 · Cited by 270
Built Environment, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Findings from the International Physical Activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adult Study
Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Kerr, J., Adams, M. A., Sugiyama, T., Christiansen, L. B., Schipperijn, J., Davey, R., Salvo, D., Frank, L. D., et al. (2020) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043657 · Cited by 277
The Walkable Neighborhood: A Literature Review
Talen, E., & Koschinsky, J. (2013) · International Journal of Sustainable Land Use and Urban Planning · doi:10.24102/ijslup.v1i1.211 · Cited by 249
Objective scoring of streetscape walkability related to leisure walking: Statistical modeling approach with semantic segmentation of Google Street View images
Nagata, S., Nakaya, T., Hanibuchi, T., Amagasa, S., Kikuchi, H., & Inoue, S. (2020) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102428 · Cited by 247
International comparisons of the associations between objective measures of the built environment and transport-related walking and cycling: IPEN adult study
Christiansen, L. B., Cerin, E., Badland, H. M., Kerr, J., Davey, R., Troelsen, J., Dyck, D. V., Mitáš, J., Schofield, G., Sugiyama, T., et al. (2016) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2016.02.010 · Cited by 246
Associations between overhead-view and eye-level urban greenness and cycling behaviors
Lü, Y., Yang, Y., Sun, G., & Gou, Z. (2019) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.003 · Cited by 243
Using Global Positioning Systems in Health Research
Kerr, J., Duncan, S., & Schipperijn, J. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.07.017 · Cited by 242
Efficacy of Contextually Tailored Suggestions for Physical Activity: A Micro-randomized Optimization Trial of HeartSteps
Klasnja, P., Smith, S., Seewald, N. J., Lee, A., Hall, K., Luers, B., Hekler, E. B., & Murphy, S. A. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay067 · Cited by 241
Objectively measured walkability and active transport and weight-related outcomes in adults: a systematic review
Grasser, G., Dyck, D. V., Titze, S., & Stronegger, W. J. (2012) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-012-0435-0 · Cited by 238
Public bicycle as a feeder mode to rail transit in China: The role of gender, age, income, trip purpose, and bicycle theft experience
Ji, Y., Fan, Y., Ermagun, A., Cao, X., Wang, W., & Das, K. (2016) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2016.1253802 · Cited by 248
Neighbourhood design and fear of crime: A social-ecological examination of the correlates of residents’ fear in new suburban housing developments
Foster, S. A., Giles‐Corti, B., & Knuiman, M. W. (2010) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.07.007 · Cited by 236
Impact of COVID-19 on physical activity: A rapid review
Park, A. H., Zhong, S., Yang, H., Jeong, J., & Lee, C. (2022) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.12.05003 · Cited by 269
Unpacking Walkability: Testing the Influence of Urban Design Features on Perceptions of Walking Environment Attractiveness
Adkins, A., Dill, J., Luhr, G., & Neal, M. B. (2012) · Journal of Urban Design · doi:10.1080/13574809.2012.706365 · Cited by 232
Walk score® and its potential contribution to the study of active transport and walkability: A critical and systematic review
Hall, C. M., & Ram, Y. (2018) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.018 · Cited by 232
Contextualizing Walkability: Do Relationships Between Built Environments and Walking Vary by Socioeconomic Context?
Adkins, A., Makarewicz, C., Scanze, M., Ingram, M., & Luhr, G. (2017) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944363.2017.1322527 · Cited by 231
Evaluating a Brief Self-Report Measure of Neighborhood Environments for Physical Activity Research and Surveillance: Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale (PANES)
Sallis, J. F., Kerr, J., Carlson, J., Norman, G. J., Saelens, B. E., Durant, N. H., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2010) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.7.4.533 · Cited by 227
Self-citation
Income disparities in perceived neighborhood built and social environment attributes
Sallis, J. F., Slymen, D. J., Conway, T. L., Frank, L. D., Saelens, B. E., Cain, K. L., & Chapman, J. E. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.02.006 · Cited by 227
Self-citation
Factors associated with proportions and miles of bicycling for transportation and recreation in six small US cities
Xing, Y., Handy, S., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2009) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.09.004 · Cited by 219
Self-citation
Objective versus subjective measures of the built environment, which are most effective in capturing associations with walking?
Lin, L., & Moudon, A. V. (2009) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.11.002 · Cited by 217
Healthy Aging and Where You Live: Community Design Relationships With Physical Activity and Body Weight in Older Americans
Frank, L. D., Kerr, J., Rosenberg, D. E., & King, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.7.s1.s82 · Cited by 211
Sedentary behaviour and health: mapping environmental and social contexts to underpin chronic disease prevention
Owen, N., Salmon, J., Koohsari, M. J., Turrell, G., & Giles-Corti, B. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093107 · Cited by 208
Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity
Transportation Research Board, I. O. M. (2009) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/12674 · Cited by 208
Land Use, Residential Density, and Walking
Rodrı́guez, D. A., Evenson, K. R., Roux, A. V. D., & Brines, S. J. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.008 · Cited by 211
Explaining Changes in Walking and Bicycling Behavior: Challenges for Transportation Research
Krizek, K. J., Handy, S., & Forsyth, A. (2009) · Environment and Planning B Planning and Design · doi:10.1068/b34023 · Cited by 194
Self-citation
Activity, exercise and the planning and design of outdoor spaces
Thompson, C. W. (2013) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.003 · Cited by 202
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Influence of the Neighborhood Built Environment on Walking for Transportation: The RESIDE Study
Knuiman, M. W., Christian, H. E., Divitini, M., Foster, S. A., Bull, F., Badland, H. M., & Giles‐Corti, B. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu171 · Cited by 200
Associations between street connectivity and active transportation
Berrigan, D. A., Pickle, L. W., & Dill, J. (2010) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/1476-072x-9-20 · Cited by 200
Neighborhood safety and green space as predictors of obesity among preschool children from low-income families in New York City
Lovasi, G. S., Schwartz‐Soicher, O., Quinn, J. W., Berger, D. K., Neckerman, K. M., Jaslow, R., Lee, K. K. C., & Rundle, A. (2013) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.05.012 · Cited by 198
The role of the built environment in explaining relationships between perceived and actual pedestrian and bicyclist safety
Cho, G.-H., Rodrı́guez, D. A., & Khattak, A. J. (2009) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.008 · Cited by 195
Neighbourhood Built Environment Influences on Physical Activity among Adults: A Systematized Review of Qualitative Evidence
Salvo, G., Lashewicz, B., Doyle–Baker, P. K., & McCormack, G. R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15050897 · Cited by 215
Associations between neighbourhood walkability and daily steps in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hajna, S., Ross, N. A., Brazeau, A., Bélisle, P., Joseph, L., & Dasgupta, K. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2082-x · Cited by 194
Environment and physical activity dynamics: The role of residential self-selection
Boone‐Heinonen, J., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Guilkey, D. K., Jacobs, D. R., & Popkin, B. M. (2009) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.09.003 · Cited by 195
Density, Destinations or Both? A Comparison of Measures of Walkability in Relation to Transportation Behaviors, Obesity and Diabetes in Toronto, Canada
Glazier, R. H., Creatore, M. I., Weyman, J. T., Fazli, G. S., Matheson, F. I., Gozdyra, P., Moineddin, R., Shriqui, V. K., & Booth, G. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085295 · Cited by 193
Developing and testing a street audit tool using Google Street View to measure environmental supportiveness for physical activity
Griew, P., Hillsdon, M. M., Foster, C. E., Coombes, E. G., Jones, A., & Wilkinson, P. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-103 · Cited by 193
Real Noise from the Urban Environment
Moudon, A. V. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.03.019 · Cited by 193
Development and Testing of a Community Stakeholder Park Audit Tool
Kaczynski, A. T., Stanis, S. A. W., & Besenyi, G. M. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.018 · Cited by 191
A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity
Frank, L. D., Kerr, J., Sallis, J. F., Miles, R., & Chapman, J. (2008) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.004 · Cited by 188
Relationships of Land Use Mix with Walking for Transport: Do Land Uses and Geographical Scale Matter?
Duncan, M. J., WINKLER, E. A. H., Sugiyama, T., Cerin, E., Toit, L. D., Leslie, E. R., & Owen, N. G. (2010) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9488-7 · Cited by 187

Authors: SAELENS, B. E., & HANDY, S. L.
Affiliations: Seattle Children's Hospital (US)
University of California, Davis (US)
ORCID: SAELENS, BRIAN E.
HANDY, SUSAN L.
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 40
Issue: 7
Pages: S550-S566
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31817c67a4
PMC: PMC2921187
OpenAlex: W2005544339
Cited by: 1,912
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 79 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 127 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 113
FWCI: 11.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES014240, R01ES014240)
Topics: Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
Keywords: built environment, walking, walking for transportation, recreational walking, mixed land use, land use density, parks and open space, personal safety, physical activity
MeSH terms: City Planning, Environment Design, Humans, Population Density, Safety, Transportation, Walking

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Built Environment Correlates of Walking: A Review

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks