The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Will There Be Blood? Incentives and Displacement Effects in Pro-Social Behavior
Open accessAbstract
We present evidence from nearly 14,000 American Red Cross blood drives and from a natural field experiment showing that economic incentives have a positive effect on blood donations without increasing the fraction of donors who are ineligible to donate. The effect increases with the incentive's economic value. However, a substantial proportion of the increase in donations is explained by donors leaving neighboring drives without incentives to attend drives with incentives; this displacement also increases with the economic value of the incentive. We conclude that extrinsic incentives stimulate pro-social behavior, but unless displacement effects are considered, the effect may be overestimated. (JEL D64, H41, I12)
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“Some incentives do not undermine motivation or behavior, such as verbal rewards (Deci et al. 1999), while others have neutral or positive effects on behaviors (Lacetera et al. 2012).”
From Unintended reward costs: the effectiveness of customer referral reward programs for innovative products and services (2019) · cites this paper as Lacetera et al. 2012
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Cites
A note on two problems in connexion with graphs
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Incentives and Prosocial Behavior
Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.96.5.1652 · Cited by 3,357
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Benabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-937x.00253 · Cited by 2,913
Pay Enough or Don't Pay at All*
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Effort for Payment: A Tale of Two Markets
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Crowding Out in Blood Donation: Was Titmuss Right?
Mellström, C., & Johannesson, M. (2008) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/jeea.2008.6.4.845 · Cited by 697
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“Importantly, the Canadian healthcare system is built upon principles of universality and accessibility [24].”
BackgroundInfluentialA Review and Framework for Thinking about the Drivers of Prosocial Consumer Behavior
White, K. L., Habib, R., & Dahl, D. W. (2023) · doi:10.32920/23709738
A Review and Framework for Thinking about the Drivers of Prosocial Consumer Behavior
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Offline volunteering during COVID-19: a survey experiment with prior and prospective blood donors
Ehmann, S., Haylock, M., & Heynold, A. K. (2024) · Journal of the Economic Science Association · doi:10.1007/s40881-024-00164-8
“We complement the existing literature on blood donations (e.g., Lacetera et al., 2012; Bruhin et al., 2020; Heger et al., 2020; Meyer & Tripodi, 2021; Goette & Tripodi, 2022), by implementing a donation appeal based on current supply shortages in a novel context—the COVID-19 pandemic (see e.g.,…”
The Effect of Incentivizing Pro-Social Behavior is Context DependentPreprint
Steward, G. E., Galaro, J. K., Lacetera, N., Macis, M., Kahn, J. P., & Chib, V. S. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p84kt
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Institutional discounting effect in nudging health-relevant behaviors among students
Viale, R., Cucchiarini, V., Caravona, L., Roazzi, A., & Macchi, L. (2025) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-025-00335-y
“Accordingly, several nudging-based strategies have been explored to promote blood donation (e.g., Bruhin et al. 2020, 2015; Goette and Tripodi 2020; Moussaoui et al. 2019; Gemelli et al. 2018 ; Vuletić, 2015; Lacetera et al. 2014; 2012 ).”
Alonso‐Paulí, E., Balart, P., & Hernandez-Arenaz, I. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5366548
The effect of choice and reward on motivation and performance: an eye-tracking study
Hendijani, R., & Steel, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1905792
“Many empirical studies (Eisenberger and Aselage, 2009; Lacetera et al., 2012; Hendijani et al., 2016) and meta-analytical reviews (Byron and Khazanchi, 2012; Garbers and Konradt, 2014) have supported these explications.”
The Effect of Small Quasi-Cash Rewards on Prosocial Behavior: The Case of Voluntary Plasma Donations
Bruers, S., Ooghe, E., & Schokkaert, E. (2026) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2024.08081
Metadata
- Authors
- Lacetera, N., Macis, M., & Slonim, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2012-02-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 186-223
- ISSN
- 1945-7731 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-774X
- OpenAlex
- W2036522266
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 34.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.aeaweb.org
- Locations
- American Economic Journal Economic Policy (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood donation and transfusion practices
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
- Keywords
- blood donation, economic incentives, extrinsic rewards, displacement effects, prosocial behavior, incentive magnitude, donor eligibility, charitable giving
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