Advances in understanding Giardia: Determinants and mechanisms of chronic sequelae
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Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan that is the most common cause of intestinal parasitic infection in children living in resource-limited settings. The pathogenicity of Giardia has been debated since the parasite was first identified, and clinical outcomes vary across studies. Among recent perplexing findings are diametrically opposed associations between Giardia and acute versus persistent diarrhea and a poorly understood potential for long-term sequelae, including impaired child growth and cognitive development. The mechanisms driving these protean clinical outcomes remain elusive, but recent advances suggest that variability in Giardia strains, host nutritional status, the composition of microbiota, co-infecting enteropathogens, host genetically determined mucosal immune responses, and immune modulation by Giardia are all relevant factors influencing disease manifestations after Giardia infection.
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Giardia may affect epithelial cells through cell-cycle arrest, proliferation impairment, tight-junction disruption, and apoptosis induction.
“Giardia may affect epithelial cells through cell-cycle arrest, proliferation impairment, tight-junction disruption, and apoptosis induction through direct or indirect mechanisms [69].”
From Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Nutritional Status in Children under Five Years Old: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [69]
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- [18]Hill DR Nash TE Giardiais Mandell, Douglas, and Bennet's Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease Bennett JE Dolin R Blaser MJ Saunders Elsevier 2015 281 3154 60.e3
- [94]ElBakri A Samie A Bessong P Potgieter N Odeh RA Detection and molecular characterization of Giardia lamblia genotypes in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014 108 466 73 10.1093/trstmh/tru083 24906796 · DOI
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- Authors
- Bartelt, L. A., & Sartor, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bartelt, Luther A.
- Venue
- F1000Prime Reports
- Publisher
- Faculty Opinions Ltd
- Published
- 2015-05-26
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 62-62
- ISSN
- 2051-7599 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4447054
- OpenAlex
- W2418854787
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 183
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 10.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- F1000Prime Reports (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K08AI108730)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Keywords
- Giardia lamblia, giardiasis, long-term sequelae, child growth, cognitive development, persistent diarrhea, strain differences, host nutritional status, gut microbiota, mucosal immune response, immunomodulation, intestinal parasitic infections
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