Cited by 1,743Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactPesticide Exposure and Toxicity

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Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4- tertiary -Octylphenol: 2003–2004

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Calafat, Antonia M., Ye, Xiaoyun, Wong, Lee-Yang, Reidy, John A., Needham, Larry L.·2008·Environmental Health Perspectives

DOI 10.1289/ehp.10753PMC PMC2199288

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Abstract

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tertiary-octylphenol (tOP) are industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins (BPA) and nonionic surfactants (tOP). These products are in widespread use in the United States. Objectives: We aimed to assess exposure to BPA and tOP in the U.S. general population. Methods: We measured the total (free plus conjugated) urinary concentrations of BPA and tOP in 2,517 participants ≥ 6 years of age in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results: BPA and tOP were detected in 92.6% and 57.4% of the persons, respectively. Least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of BPA were significantly lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks (p = 0.006) and non-Hispanic whites (p = 0.007); LSGM concentrations for non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites were not statistically different (p = 0.21). Females had statistically higher BPA LSGM concentrations than males (p = 0.043). Children had higher concentrations than adolescents (p < 0.001), who in turn had higher concentrations than adults (p = 0.003). LSGM concentrations were lowest for participants in the high household income category (> $45,000/year). Conclusions: Urine concentrations of total BPA differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income. These first U.S. population representative concentration data for urinary BPA and tOP should help guide public health research priorities, including studies of exposure pathways, potential health effects, and risk assessment.

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Self-citation

Authors: Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L.-Y., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author: Calafat, Antonia M.
ORCID: Calafat, Antonia M.
Ye, Xiaoyun
Wong, Lee-Yang
Venue: Environmental Health Perspectives
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2007-10-24
Volume: 116
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-44
ISSN: 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
1552-9924
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10753
PMC: PMC2199288
OpenAlex: W2067753015
Cited by: 1,743
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 147 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 93
FWCI: 38.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 3719 d)
Locations: Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords: bisphenol A, urinary biomonitoring, human exposure assessment, polycarbonate plastics, nonionic surfactants, racial and ethnic differences, sex differences, age differences, household income, NHANES
MeSH terms: Bisphenol A Compounds, Adolescent, Adult, Benzhydryl Compounds, Child, Demography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Estrogens, Non-Steroidal, Female, Humans, Income, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Phenols, United States

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Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4- tertiary -Octylphenol: 2003–2004

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