Early Environmental Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease in Later Life
Open accessAbstract
Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD), the two most common neurodegenerative disorders in American adults, are of purely genetic origin in a minority of cases and appear in most instances to arise through interactions among genetic and environmental factors. In this article we hypothesize that environmental exposures in early life may be of particular etiologic importance and review evidence for the early environmental origins of neurodegeneration. For PD the first recognized environmental cause, MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), was identified in epidemiologic studies of drug abusers. Chemicals experimentally linked to PD include the insecticide rotenone and the herbicides paraquat and maneb; interaction has been observed between paraquat and maneb. In epidemiologic studies, manganese has been linked to parkinsonism. In dementia, lead is associated with increased risk in chronically exposed workers. Exposures of children in early life to lead, polychlorinated biphenyls, and methylmercury have been followed by persistent decrements in intelligence that may presage dementia. To discover new environmental causes of AD and PD, and to characterize relevant gene-environment interactions, we recommend that a large, prospective genetic and epidemiologic study be undertaken that will follow thousands of children from conception (or before) to old age. Additional approaches to etiologic discovery include establishing incidence registries for AD and PD, conducting targeted investigations in high-risk populations, and improving testing of the potential neurologic toxicity of chemicals.
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Prenatal air pollution has been identified as having potentially greater impacts than adult exposures.
“prenatal air pollution has been identified as having potentially greater impacts than adult exposures [6].”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
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Environment and Obesity in the National Children's Study
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- Authors
- Landrigan, P. J., Sonawane, B., Butler, R. N., Trasande, L., Callan, R., & Droller, D.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- International Longevity Centre (US)
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2005-05-26
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1230-1233
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC1280407
- OpenAlex
- W1985670077
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 12.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 4600 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Bachmann-Strauss Dystonia and Parkinson Foundation
- Parkinsonfonden
- National Institute of Mental Health (276-MH-310208)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P01ES009584, P42 ES07384, ES009584, P42ES007384)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, early life exposure, gene-environment interaction, MPTP, rotenone, paraquat, maneb, manganese, lead exposure, polychlorinated biphenyls, methylmercury, childhood lead exposure, dementia risk
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Alzheimer Disease, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Registries
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