Cited by 2,205Heavy Metal Exposure and ToxicityHeavy metals in environmentMercury impact and mitigation studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis

Open access

Lanphear, Bruce P., Hornung, Richard, Khoury, Jane, Yolton, Kimberly, Baghurst, Peter, Bellinger, David C., Canfield, Richard L., Dietrich, Kim N., Bornschein, Robert, Greene, Tom, Rothenberg, Stephen J., Needleman, Herbert L., Schnaas, Lourdes, Wasserman, Gail, Graziano, Joseph, Roberts, Russell·2005·Environmental Health Perspectives

DOI 10.1289/ehp.7688PMC PMC1257652

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Lead is a confirmed neurotoxin, but questions remain about lead-associated intellectual deficits at blood lead levels < 10 μg/dL and whether lower exposures are, for a given change in exposure, associated with greater deficits. The objective of this study was to examine the association of intelligence test scores and blood lead concentration, especially for children who had maximal measured blood lead levels < 10 μg/dL. We examined data collected from 1,333 children who participated in seven international population-based longitudinal cohort studies, followed from birth or infancy until 5–10 years of age. The full-scale IQ score was the primary outcome measure. The geometric mean blood lead concentration of the children peaked at 17.8 μg/dL and declined to 9.4 μg/dL by 5–7 years of age; 244 (18%) children had a maximal blood lead concentration < 10 μg/dL, and 103 (8%) had a maximal blood lead concentration < 7.5 μg/dL. After adjustment for covariates, we found an inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and IQ score. Using a log-linear model, we found a 6.9 IQ point decrement [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.2–9.4] associated with an increase in concurrent blood lead levels from 2.4 to 30 μg/dL. The estimated IQ point decrements associated with an increase in blood lead from 2.4 to 10 μg/dL, 10 to 20 μg/dL, and 20 to 30 μg/dL were 3.9 (95% CI, 2.4–5.3), 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2–2.6), and 1.1 (95% CI, 0.7–1.5), respectively. For a given increase in blood lead, the lead-associated intellectual decrement for children with a maximal blood lead level < 7.5 μg/dL was significantly greater than that observed for those with a maximal blood lead level ≥7.5 μg/dL (p = 0.015). We conclude that environmental lead exposure in children who have maximal blood lead levels < 7.5 μg/dL is associated with intellectual deficits.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1289/ehp.7688

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994) · doi:10.1201/9780429246593 · Cited by 40,500
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4541-9 · Cited by 21,230
SAS System for Mixed Models
Littell, R. C. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,345
Regression Modeling Strategies
Harrell, F. E. (2001) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3462-1 · Cited by 9,270
Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity
Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725153 · Cited by 7,297
Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic and Ordinal Regression, and Survival Analysis
Harrell (2015) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19425-7 · Cited by 6,878
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment-21
Lansford, J. E., Odgers, C. L., Bradley, R. H., Godwin, J. W., Copeland, W., Rothenberg, W. A., & Dodge, K. A. (2022) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t86918-000 · Cited by 2,249
Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter
Canfield, R. L., Henderson, C. R., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Cox, C., Jusko, T. A., & Lanphear, B. P. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022848 · Cited by 2,081
Self-citation
Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates
Lidsky, T. I., & Schneider, J. S. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg014 · Cited by 1,169
The Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Low Doses of Lead in Childhood
Needleman, H. L., Schell, A., Bellinger, D. C., Leviton, A., & Allred, E. N. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199001113220203 · Cited by 1,156
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 54 references

1 of the 54 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,001

Epigenetic modifications associated with pathophysiological effects of lead exposure
Khalid, M., & Abdollahi, M. R. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C · doi:10.1080/10590501.2019.1640581 · Cited by 54
The Role of Lead, Manganese, and Zinc in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and Attention-Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a Case-Control Study on Syrian Children Affected by the Syrian Crisis
Hawari, I., Eskandar, M. B., & Alzeer, S. (2020) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02146-3 · Cited by 53
Lead exposure is associated with a delay in the onset of puberty in South African adolescent females: Findings from the Birth to Twenty cohort
Naicker, N., Norris, S. A., Mathee, A., Becker, P., & Richter, L. (2010) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.037 · Cited by 52
Lead poisoning associated with malaria in children of urban areas of Nigeria
Nriagu, J. O., Afeiche, M. C., Linder, A. M., Arowolo, T. A., Ana, G. R. E. E., Sridhar, M. K. C., Oloruntoba, E. O., Obi, E., Ebenebe, J. C., Orisakwe, O. E., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.05.001 · Cited by 52
Identification of sources of lead exposure in French children by lead isotope analysis: a cross-sectional study
Oulhote, Y., Bot, B. L., Poupon, J., Lucas, J.-P., Mandin, C., Etchevers, A., Zmirou‐Navier, D., & Glorennec, P. (2011) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-10-75 · Cited by 55
Altered fine motor function at school age in Inuit children exposed to PCBs, methylmercury, and lead
Boucher, O., Muckle, G., Ayotte, P., Dewailly, É., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.010 · Cited by 51
Challenges to studying the health effects of early life environmental chemical exposures on children’s health
Braun, J. M., & Gray, K. (2017) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2002800 · Cited by 52
Quantificational exposure, sources, and health risks posed by heavy metals in indoor and outdoor household dust in a typical smelting area in China
Cao, S., Chen, X., Zhang, L., Xing, X., Wen, D., Wang, B., Qin, N., Wei, F., & Duan, X. (2020) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12683 · Cited by 51
Assessment of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Al(III) Removal Capacity of Bacteria from Food and Gut Ecological Niches: Insights into Biodiversity to Limit Intestinal Biodisponibility of Toxic Metals
George, F., Mahieux, S., Daniel, C., Titécat, M., Beauval, N., Houcke, I., Neut, C., Allorge, D., Borges, F., Jan, G., et al. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020456 · Cited by 52
The Effect of Leaded Gasoline on Elderly Mortality: Evidence from Regulatory Exemptions
Hollingsworth, A. J., & Rudik, I. (2021) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20190654 · Cited by 51
Lead contamination in French children's homes and environment
Lucas, J.-P., Bot, B. L., Glorennec, P., Etchevers, A., Bretin, P., Douay, F., Sebille, V., Bellanger, L., & Mandin, C. (2012) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.005 · Cited by 51
Neurocognitive disorders: Cluster 1 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: Paper 2 of 7 of the thematic section: ‘A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11’
Sachdev, P., Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J., Sunderland, M., & Anderson, T. M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990262 · Cited by 48
The relationship between atmospheric lead emissions and aggressive crime: an ecological study
Taylor, M. P., Forbes, M. K., Opeskin, B., Parr, N., & Lanphear, B. P. (2016) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0122-3 · Cited by 55
Self-citation
Global decrease in blood lead concentrations due to the removal of leaded gasoline
Lacerda, D., Pestana, I. A., Vergílio, C. D. S., & de Rezende, C. E. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138207 · Cited by 52
Bioaccessibility and Risk of Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers
Pavilonis, B., Weisel, C. P., Buckley, B., & Lioy, P. J. (2013) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.12081 · Cited by 50
Bioaccessibility of lead in urban soil of Broken Hill, Australia: A study based on in vitro digestion and the IEUBK model
Yang, K., & Cattle, S. R. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.084 · Cited by 50
Environmental Lead Exposure among Preschool Children in Shanghai, China: Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors
Cao, J., Li, M., Wang, Y., Yu, G., & Yan, C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113297 · Cited by 50
Risk assessment of dietary lead exposure among First Nations people living on-reserve in Ontario, Canada using a total diet study and a probabilistic approach
Juric, A. K., Batal, M., David, W., Sharp, D., Schwartz, H. M., Ing, A., Fediuk, K., Black, A., Tikhonov, C., Chan, H. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.035 · Cited by 51
Gender difference in the effects of lead exposure at different time windows on neurobehavioral development in 5-year-old children
Joo, H., Choi, J., Burm, E., Park, H., Hong, Y., Kim, Y., Ha, E., Kim, Y., Kim, B.-N., & Ha, M. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.007 · Cited by 54
Concentration of mercury, cadmium, and lead in breast milk from Norwegian mothers: Association with dietary habits, amalgam and other factors
Vollset, M., Iszatt, N., Enger, Ø., Gjengedal, E. L. F., & Eggesbø, M. Å. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.252 · Cited by 50
Toxicological effects in children exposed to lead: A cross-sectional study at the Colombian Caribbean coast
Álvarez-Ortega, N., Caballero-Gallardo, K., & Olivero‐Verbel, J. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.003 · Cited by 50
The relevance of particle size distribution and bioaccessibility on human health risk assessment for trace elements measured in indoor dust
Doyi, I. N. Y., Strezov, V., Isley, C. F., Yazdanparast, T., & Taylor, M. P. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137931 · Cited by 50
Lead and growth status of schoolchildren living in the copper basin of south-western Poland: Differential effects on bone growth
Ignasiak, Z., Sławińska, T., Roźek-Piechura, K., Little, B. B., & Malina, R. M. (2006) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460600730752 · Cited by 50
Health impact assessment and monetary valuation of IQ loss in pre-school children due to lead exposure through locally produced food
Bierkens, J., Buekers, J., Holderbeke, M. V., & Torfs, R. (2011) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.048 · Cited by 49
Preschool children health impacts from indoor exposure to PM2.5 and metals
Mainka, A., & Fantke, P. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.107062 · Cited by 49
Developmental Impacts of Heavy Metals and Undernutrition
Wasserman, G. A., Liu, X., Factor-Litvak, P. R., Gardner, J. M., & Graziano, J. H. (2008) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00187.x · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Protecting Children from Toxic Exposure: Three Strategies
Guidotti, T. L., & Ragain, L. (2007) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.002 · Cited by 49
A blood lead benchmark for assessing risks from childhood lead exposure
Carlisle, J. C., Dowling, K. C., Siegel, D. M., & Alexeeff, G. V. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · doi:10.1080/10934520903139829 · Cited by 50
Lead loadings in household dust in Delhi, India
Kumar, A., & Clark, C. S. (2009) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00605.x · Cited by 50
Body burdens of mercury, lead, selenium and copper among Baltimore newborns
Wells, E. M., Jarrett, J. M., Lin, Y. H., Caldwell, K. L., Hibbeln, J. R., Apelberg, B. J., Herbstman, J. B., Halden, R. U., Witter, F. R., & Goldman, L. R. (2011) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.009 · Cited by 49
Trace element biomonitoring in hair of school children from a polluted area by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Drobyshev, E. J., Solovyev, N. D., Ivanenko, N. B., Kombarova, M. Y., & Ganeev, A. A. (2016) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.07.004 · Cited by 49
Association of Childhood Blood Lead Levels With Criminal Offending
Beckley, A. L., Caspi, A., Broadbent, J. M., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., Reuben, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2017) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.4005 · Cited by 52
Effects of developmental lead exposure on the hippocampal methylome: Influences of sex and timing and level of exposure
Singh, G., Singh, V., Wang, Z., Voisin, G., Lefebvre, F., Navenot, J.-M., Evans, B. J., Verma, M., Anderson, D. W., & Schneider, J. S. (2018) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.021 · Cited by 51
An apple a day? Assessing gardeners' lead exposure in urban agriculture sites to improve the derivation of soil assessment criteria
Entwistle, J., Amaibi, P. M., Dean, J. R., Deary, M. E., Medock, D., Morton, J., Rodushkin, I., & Bramwell, L. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.054 · Cited by 49
The State of Public Health Lead Policies: Implications for Urban Health Inequities and Recommendations for Health Equity
LeBrón, A. M. W., Torres, I. R., Valencia, E., Dominguez, M. L., Garcia-Sanchez, D. G., Logue, M. D., & Wu, J. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16061064 · Cited by 51
POU water filters effectively reduce lead in drinking water: a demonstration field study in flint, Michigan
Bosscher, V., Lytle, D. A., Schock, M. R., Porter, A., & Toral, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A · doi:10.1080/10934529.2019.1611141 · Cited by 49
Trace element biomonitoring in hair and blood of occupationally unexposed population residing in polluted areas of East Kazakhstan and Pavlodar regions
Semenova, Y. M., Е.Т., Ж., Pivina, L. M., Abisheva, A. S., Tinkov, A. A., Белихина, Т. И., Skalny, A. V., Zhanaspayev, M., Bulegenov, T. A., Glushkova, N., et al. (2019) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.07.006 · Cited by 49
In Vitro, in Vivo, and Spectroscopic Assessment of Lead Exposure Reduction via Ingestion and Inhalation Pathways Using Phosphate and Iron Amendments
Kastury, F., Smith, E., Dœlsch, E., Lombi, E., Donnelley, M., Cmielewski, P., Parsons, D., Scheckel, K. G., Paterson, D. J., de Jonge, M. D., et al. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b02448 · Cited by 49
Multi-biological defects caused by lead exposure exhibit transferable properties from exposed parents to their progeny in Caenorhabditis elegans
Wang, D., & Peng, Y. A. N. G. (2007) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60223-x · Cited by 49
Association of antidepressant medication use during pregnancy with intellectual disability in offspring
Viktorin, A., Uher, R., Kolevzon, A., Reichenberg, A., Levine, S. Z., & Sandin, S. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1727 · Cited by 45
Lead exposure through consumption of big game meat in Quebec, Canada: risk assessment and perception
Fachehoun, R. C., Lévesque, B., Dumas, P., St‐Louis, A., Dubé, M., & Ayotte, P. (2015) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2015.1071921 · Cited by 48
Exposure of young children to household water lead in the Montreal area (Canada): The potential influence of winter-to-summer changes in water lead levels on children's blood lead concentration
Ngueta, G., Prévost, M., Deshommes, E., Abdous, B., Gauvin, D., & Levallois, P. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.005 · Cited by 48
Consumption of lead-shot cervid meat and blood lead concentrations in a group of adult Norwegians
Meltzer, H. M., Dahl, H., Brantsæter, A. L., Birgisdóttir, B. E., Knutsen, H. K., Bernhoft, A., Oftedal, B., Lande, U. S., Alexander, J., Haugen, M. A., et al. (2013) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.007 · Cited by 48
Influence of low level maternal Pb exposure and prenatal stress on offspring stress challenge responsivity
Virgolini, M. B., Rossi‐George, A., Weston, D., & Cory‐Slechta, D. A. (2008) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.010 · Cited by 49
Assessment of potential health risk for inhabitants living near a former lead smelter. Part 2: site-specific human health risk assessment of Cd and Pb contamination in kitchen gardens
Pelfrêne, A., Douay, F., Richard, A., Roussel, H., & Girondelot, B. (2012) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2767-x · Cited by 58
Child development in developing countries 2 Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries
Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Gardner, J. M., Lozoff, B., Wasserman, G. A., Pollitt, E., & Carter, J. A. (2007) · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Lineage- and Sex-Dependent Behavioral and Biochemical Transgenerational Consequences of Developmental Exposure to Lead, Prenatal Stress, and Combined Lead and Prenatal Stress in Mice
Sobolewski, M., Abston, K., Conrad, K., Marvin, E., Harvey, K. E., Susiarjo, M., & Cory‐Slechta, D. A. (2020) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp4977 · Cited by 49
Lead exposure and its association with cardiovascular disease and diabetic kidney disease in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients
Wan, H., Chen, S., Cai, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, C., Wang, N., Guo, Y., & Lu, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113663 · Cited by 48
Human IPSC-Derived Model to Study Myelin Disruption
Chesnut, M., Paschoud, H., Repond, C., Smirnova, L., Härtung, T., Zurich, M., Högberg, H. T., & Pamies, D. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179473 · Cited by 56
Same sex, no sex, and unaware sex in neurotoxicology
Weiss, B. (2010) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2010.09.005 · Cited by 50
Lead isotopic compositions of ash sourced from Australian bushfires
Kristensen, L. J., Taylor, M. P., Odigie, K. O., Hibdon, S., & Flegal, A. R. (2014) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.025 · Cited by 47
Blood Lead Levels and Associated Factors among Children in Guiyu of China: A Population-Based Study
Guo, P., Xu, X., Huang, B.-L., Sun, D., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Zhang, Q., Huo, X., & Hao, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105470 · Cited by 48
Association of Blood Lead with Calcium, Iron, Zinc and Hemoglobin in Children Aged 0–7 Years: A Large Population-Based Study
Wang, H., Shi, H., Li, C., Zhang, X., Li, J., Yang, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2012) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-012-9413-x · Cited by 47
Childhood Lead Exposure in an Industrial Town in China: Coupling Stable Isotope Ratios with Bioaccessible Lead
Li, H., Chen, K., Juhasz, A. L., Huang, L., & Ma, L. Q. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es5060622 · Cited by 47
Microglial disruption in young mice with early chronic lead exposure
Sobin, C. A., Flores‐Montoya, M. G., Parisi, N., Schaub, T. M., Cervantes, M., & Armijos, R. X. (2013) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.04.003 · Cited by 50
Assessing risk with increasingly stringent public health goals: the case of water lead and blood lead in children
Triantafyllidou, S., Gallagher, D. L., & Edwards, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Water and Health · doi:10.2166/wh.2013.067 · Cited by 47
Blood Lead Levels and Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Concentrations in Peripubertal Boys
Fleisch, A. F., Burns, J. S., Williams, P. L., Lee, M., Sergeyev, O., Korrick, S., & Hauser, R. B. (2013) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1206105 · Cited by 47
Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Infants and Mothers in Benin and Potential Sources of Exposure
Bodeau‐Livinec, F., Glorennec, P., Cot, M., Dumas, P., Durand, S., Massougbodji, A., Ayotte, P., & Bot, B. L. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13030316 · Cited by 47
Maternal blood lead concentrations, DNA methylation of MEG3 DMR regulating the DLK1/MEG3 imprinted domain and early growth in a multiethnic cohort
Nye, M. D., King, K. E., Darrah, T. H., Maguire, R. L., Jima, D. D., Huang, Z., Méndez, M. A., Fry, R. C., Jirtle, R. L., Murphy, S. K., et al. (2016) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/eep/dvv009 · Cited by 47
Use of simulated epithelial lung fluid in assessing the human health risk of Pb in urban street dust
Dean, J. R., Elom, N. I., & Entwistle, J. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.085 · Cited by 47
Time-varying associations between prenatal metal mixtures and rapid visual processing in children
Levin‐Schwartz, Y., Gennings, C., Schnaas, L., Chávez, M. D. C. H., Bellinger, D. C., Téllez‐Rojo, M. M., Baccarelli, A., & Wright, R. O. (2019) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0526-y · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Setting maximum levels for lead in game meat in EC regulations: An adjunct to replacement of lead ammunition
Thomas, V. G., Pain, D. J., Kanstrup, N., & Green, R. E. (2020) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01336-6 · Cited by 47
The burden of disease from pediatric lead exposure at hazardous waste sites in 7 Asian countries
Caravanos, J., Chatham‐Stephens, K., Ericson, B., Landrigan, P. J., & Fuller, R. (2012) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.06.006 · Cited by 47
Mercury in Dental Amalgam—A Neurotoxic Risk?
Needleman, H. L. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.15.1835 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Neighborhood Effects, Mental Illness and Criminal Behavior: A Review
Freedman, D., & Woods, G. W. (2013) · Journal of Politics and Law · doi:10.5539/jpl.v6n3p1 · Cited by 50
A Child's Right to a Healthy Environment
Garbarino, J., & Sigman, G. S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6791-6 · Cited by 46
Early-Life Lead Exposure: Risks and Neurotoxic Consequences
Bjørklund, G., Tippairote, T., Hangan, T., Chirumbolo, S., & Peana, M. (2023) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867330666230409135310 · Cited by 50
A statistical reevaluation of the data used in the Lanphear et al. () pooled-analysis that related low levels of blood lead to intellectual deficits in children
Crump, K. S., Landingham, C. B. V., Bowers, T. S., Cahoy, D., & Chandalia, J. K. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.832726 · Cited by 48
The Environmental Health Engagement Profile: What People Think and Do About Environmental Health
Dixon, J. K., Hendrickson, K. C., Ercolano, E. A., Quackenbush, R., & Dixon, J. P. (2009) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2009.00804.x · Cited by 46
Understanding the Role of Particulate Iron in Lead Release to Drinking Water
Trueman, B. F., & Gagnon, G. A. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01153 · Cited by 46
Intellectual evaluation of children exposed to phthalate-tainted products after the 2011 Taiwan phthalate episode
Huang, P., Tsai, C.-H., Chen, C., Wu, M., Chen, M.-L., Wang, S., Chen, B., Lee, C.-C., Jaakkola, J. J. K., Wu, W.-C., et al. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.016 · Cited by 46
Establishing and Achieving National Goals for Preventing Lead Toxicity and Exposure in Children
Bellinger, D. C., Chen, A., & Lanphear, B. P. (2017) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0775 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Determinants of Hair Manganese, Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic Levels in Environmentally Exposed Children
Jursa, T., Stein, C. R., & Smith, D. (2018) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics6020019 · Cited by 46
Thresholds and Endocrine Disruptors: An Endocrine Society Policy Perspective
DEMENEIX, B. A., Vandenberg, L. N., Ivell, R., & Zoeller, R. T. (2020) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa085 · Cited by 47
Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Azolla pinnata Ethanolic Extract against Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
Elrasoul, A. S. A., Mousa, A. A., Orabi, S. H., Mohamed, M. A. E.-G., Gad-Allah, S. M., Almeer, R., Abdel‐Daim, M. M., Khalifa, S. A. M., El-Seedi, H. R., & Eldaim, M. A. A. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9101014 · Cited by 46
Real or fake yellow in the vibrant colour craze: Rapid detection of lead chromate in turmeric
Erasmus, S. W., van Hasselt, L., Ebbinge, L., & van Ruth, S. M. (2020) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107714 · Cited by 46
How to use human biomonitoring in chemical risk assessment: Methodological aspects, recommendations, and lessons learned from HBM4EU
Santonen, T., Mahiout, S., Alvito, P., Apel, P., Bessems, J. G. M., Bil, W., Borges, T., Böse‐O’Reilly, S., Buekers, J., Cañas, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114139 · Cited by 45
Pathways of Pb and Mn observed in a 5-year longitudinal investigation in young children and environmental measures from an urban setting
Gulson, B. L., Mizon, K. J., Taylor, A., Korsch, M. J., Davis, J. M., Louie, H., Wu, M. C., Gomez, L., & Antin, L. (2014) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.009 · Cited by 45
Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Using the New Toxicity Testing Paradigm to Create a Taxonomy of Adverse Effects
Boekelheide, K., & Campion, S. N. (2009) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp307 · Cited by 45
Lessons learned on lead poisoning in children: One‐hundred years on from Turner's declaration
Taylor, M. P., Schniering, C. A., Lanphear, B. P., & Jones, A. L. (2010) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01777.x · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Effects of low level lead exposure on associative learning and memory in the rat: Influences of sex and developmental timing of exposure
Anderson, D. W., Mettil, W., & Schneider, J. S. (2016) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.01.011 · Cited by 47
Prenatal and postnatal polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure and measures of inattention and impulsivity in children
Vuong, A. M., Yolton, K. A., Poston, K. L., Xie, C., Webster, G. M., Sjödin, A., Braun, J. M., Dietrich, K. N., Lanphear, B. P., & Chen, A. (2017) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2017.09.001 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Spatial clustering of metal and metalloid mixtures in unregulated water sources on the Navajo Nation – Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, USA
Hoover, J. H., Coker, E. S., Barney, Y., Shuey, C., & Lewis, J. L. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.288 · Cited by 45
(Ascorb)ing Pb Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain
Ahmad, F., & Liu, P. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9121311 · Cited by 46
A Critical Review on the Use of Molecular Imprinting for Trace Heavy Metal and Micropollutant Detection
Tchekwagep, P. M. S., Crapnell, R. D., Banks, C. E., Betlem, K., Rinner, U., Canfarotta, F., Lowdon, J. W., Eersels, K., van Grinsven, B., Peeters, M., et al. (2022) · Chemosensors · doi:10.3390/chemosensors10080296 · Cited by 46
Towards the prevention of lead exposure in South Africa: Contemporary and emerging challenges
Mathee, A. (2014) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2014.07.007 · Cited by 47
Lead exposure and educational proficiency: moderate lead exposure and educational proficiency on end-of-grade examinations
Amato, M. S., Moore, C. F., Magzamen, S. L., Imm, P., Havlena, J. A., Anderson, H. A., & Kanarek, M. S. (2012) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.07.004 · Cited by 48
Evaluating Community Engagement in an Academic Medical Center
Szilagyi, P. G., Shone, L. P., Dozier, A. M., Newton, G. L., Green, T., & Bennett, N. M. (2014) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000190 · Cited by 46
Blood lead levels in children after phase-out of leaded gasoline in Kinshasa, the capital of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Tuakuila, J., Kabamba, M., Mata, H. M., & Mata, G. (2013) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/0778-7367-71-5 · Cited by 44
Association of current phthalate exposure with neurobehavioral development in a national sample
Won, E.-K., Kim, Y., Ha, M., Burm, E., Kim, Y.-S., Lim, H., Jung, D.-E., Lim, S., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, Y.-M., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.03.001 · Cited by 44
Effects of wheat-flour biscuits fortified with iron and EDTA, alone and in combination, on blood lead concentration, iron status, and cognition in children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Bouhouch, R., El-Fadeli, S., Andersson, M., Aboussad, A., Chabaa, L., Zeder, C., Kippler, M. J., Baumgartner, J., Sedki, A., & Zimmermann, M. B. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.129346 · Cited by 44
Paternal and maternal preconception urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and child behavior
Messerlian, C., Bellinger, D. C., Mínguez‐Alarcón, L., Romano, M. E., Ford, J. B., Williams, P. L., Calafat, A. M., Hauser, R. B., & Braun, J. M. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.032 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Association of prenatal maternal blood lead levels with birth outcomes in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS): a nationwide birth cohort study
Goto, Y., Mandai, M., Nakayama, T., Yamazaki, S., Nakayama, S. F., Isobe, T., Sato, T. S., & Nitta, H. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa162 · Cited by 44
Public Health Approach to the Study of Mental Retardation
Chapman, D. A., Scott, K. G., & Stanton‐Chapman, T. L. (2008) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2008)113[102:phatts]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 44
Monetary benefits of preventing childhood lead poisoning with lead-safe window replacement
Nevin, R., Jacobs, D. E., Berg, M. B., & Cohen, J. D. (2007) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.09.003 · Cited by 47
Detection of lead(II) using an glassy carbon electrode modified with Nafion, carbon nanotubes and benzo-18-crown-6
Sukeri, A., & Mathiyarasu, J. (2013) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-013-1022-7 · Cited by 43
A Personal Perspective on the Initial Federal Health-Based Regulation to Remove Lead from Gasoline
Bridbord, K., & HANSON, D. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0800534 · Cited by 43
Development of Lead Source-specific Exposure Standards Based on Aggregate Exposure Assessment: Bayesian Inversion from Biomonitoring Information to Multipathway Exposure
Dong, Z., & Hu, J. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es202800z · Cited by 43
Predictive Capabilities of in Vitro Assays for Estimating Pb Relative Bioavailability in Phosphate Amended Soils
Juhasz, A. L., Scheckel, K. G., Betts, A. R., & Smith, E. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04059 · Cited by 43
Psychomotor Ability in Children Prenatally Exposed to Methylmercury: The 18-Month Follow-Up of Tohoku Study of Child Development
Tatsuta, N., Murata, K., Iwai‐Shimada, M., Yaginuma-Sakurai, K., Satoh, H., & Nakai, K. (2017) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.242.1 · Cited by 43

Authors: Lanphear, B. P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D. C., Canfield, R. L., Dietrich, K. N., Bornschein, R., Greene, T., Rothenberg, S. J., Needleman, H. L., Schnaas, L., Wasserman, G., Graziano, J., & Roberts, R.
Affiliations: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
Women's and Children's Hospital (AU)
Boston Children's Hospital (US)
Cornell University (US)
University of Cincinnati (US)
Cleveland Clinic (US)
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (MX)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (MX)
Columbia University (US)
Griffith University (AU)
ORCID: Lanphear, Bruce P.
Khoury, Jane
Yolton, Kimberly
Canfield, Richard L.
Greene, Tom
Rothenberg, Stephen J.
Schnaas, Lourdes
Roberts, Russell
Venue: Environmental Health Perspectives
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2005-03-18
Volume: 113
Issue: 7
Pages: 894-899
ISSN: 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
1552-9924
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7688
PMC: PMC1257652
OpenAlex: W2126489758
Cited by: 2,205
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 112 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 110 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 133 · 2012: 111
FWCI: 49.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 4669 d)
Locations: Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Mercury impact and mitigation studies
Keywords: lead exposure, blood lead levels, child intelligence, IQ, neurotoxicity, low-level lead exposure, dose-response relationship, children, environmental lead
MeSH terms: Child, Child, Preschool, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Lead, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Cohort Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks