The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Normative data for the HADS from a large non-clinical sample
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To provide normative data for the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). DESIGN: Repeated measures and correlational. METHODS: The HADS was administered to a non-clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1792) in terms of the distributions of age, gender and occupational status. Correlational analysis was used to determine the influence of demographic variables on HADS scores. RESULTS: Demographic variables had only very modest influences on HADS scores. The reliability of the HADS is acceptable; the Anxiety and Depression scales are moderately correlated (.53). Tables to convert raw scores to percentiles are presented for females and males. CONCLUSIONS: The present normative data allow clinicians to assess the rarity of a given HADS score, and thus provide a useful supplement to existing cut-off scores.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The proportions of the current sample meeting the criteria for moderate-severe levels of symptoms for anxiety (n = 11, 10.1%) and depression (n = 8, 7.1%) were higher than those reported by Crawford et al. in their large, community, non-clinical sample of males (8% and 2%, respectively).”
From Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment. (2010) · cites this paper as Crawford et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“Scores of 11 or higher on each sub-scale of the HADS are recognized to suggest moderate to severe anxiety or depression (Crawford et al. 2001).”
From Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment. (2010) · cites this paper as Crawford et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“However, even in very large non-clinical samples, the distribution of scores on common mood questionnaires can still be positively skewed (Crawford et al ., 2001).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for post-stroke adjustment difficulties via telerehabilitation in a working-age man (2023) · cites this paper as Crawford et al ., 2001
In the citing paper
“Overall the baseline HADS-Total mean 19.20 (SD = 6.18) was high, as compared to a non-clinical Australian community sample mean 9.82 (SD = 5.98) (Crawford et al., 2001).”
From A mixed methods pilot and feasibility open trial of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (iCanADAPT Advanced) for people with advanced cancer with depression and/or anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as Crawford et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“a recommended cut-off score for clinical levels of depression suggested at 10/11 (Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001).”
From A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools (2018) · cites this paper as Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001
In the citing paper
“In relation to the small change in depression scores, the small effect may not necessarily be due to a lack of treatment effect, but possibly because of relatively moderate levels of depression presented by the current sample, with a pre-intervention mean scores of 6.75, and a recommended cut-off score for clinical levels of depression suggested at 10/11 (Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001).”
From A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools (2018) · cites this paper as Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 810
Micillo, L., Rioux, P.-A., Mendoza-Durán, E., Kübel, S. L., Cellini, N., van Wassenhove, V., Grondin, S., & Mioni, G. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8tqap · Cited by 7
Recovery Trajectories of Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
King, S., Winkens, I., Wijenberg, M., Schepers, J., Stapert, S. Z., Verbunt, J., Rijkeboer, M. M., van der Naalt, J., & Heugten, C. M. V. (2025) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0610 · Cited by 10
“34,35 The HADS shows good reliability and validity in a Dutch sample 36 and in a TBI sample.”
Koh, Z. H., Serbetci, D., Skues, J., & Murray, G. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/59351 · Cited by 6
The role of depressive symptoms in the interplay between aging and temporal processing
Buzi, G., Eustache, F., D’Argembeau, A., & Hinault, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38500-3 · Cited by 6
Metcalf, O., Gibson, K., Fredrickson, J., Finlayson-Short, L., Varker, T., & O'Donnell, M. L. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062710 · Cited by 7
Normative data for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS) in multiple sclerosis
Atkins, L., Newby, G., & Pimm, J. (2012) · Social Care and Neurodisability · doi:10.1108/20420911211286579 · Cited by 7
Mahendran, R., Tan, J. Y. S., Griva, K., Lim, H. A., Ng, H. Y., Chua, J., Lim, S. E., & Kua, E. H. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008527 · Cited by 6
“Scores range to a maximum of 21 for each subscale and good psychometric properties are frequently reported.(44)”
BackgroundBruijel, J., Stapert, S. Z., Vermeeren, A., Ponsford, J. L., & Heugten, C. M. V. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11295 · Cited by 8
Loades, M. E., Rimes, K. A., Ali, S., Lievesley, K., & Chalder, T. (2018) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12626 · Cited by 7
Clauss, K. E., Bardeen, J. R., Benfer, N., & Fergus, T. A. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.33.2.97 · Cited by 7
Brown, S. L., Fisher, P. L., Hope-Stone, L., Heimann, H., Hussain, R., & Cherry, M. (2021) · Journal of behavioral medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00252-8 · Cited by 5
A Comparison of the Psychological Outcomes of Cosmetic Surgical Procedures
Dowling, N. A., Jackson, A. C., & Honigman, R. J. (2012) · Plastic Surgery An International Journal · doi:10.5171/2013.979486 · Cited by 6
Jensen, J. N., Gøtzsche, F., Heilmann, C. J., Sengeløv, H., Adamsen, L., Christensen, K. B., & Larsen, H. B. (2016) · Pediatric Transplantation · doi:10.1111/petr.12713 · Cited by 6
“The scores on each subscale can be categorized into four groups: A score of 0–7 identifies normal scoring while a score of 8–10 detects mild cases, 11–15 moderate cases, and 16–21 severe cases (15, 16).”
BackgroundKonradi, A. (2021) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-021-00304-2 · Cited by 7
“Others report adult females score significantly higher on anxiety and depression than males [39, 40], males score higher than females [27], and that the HADS overestimates depression among women [41].”
BackgroundBurstyn, I., & Huynh, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258213 · Cited by 6
“HADS is accepted as valid for use in the general nonhospitalized population [15].”
BackgroundEffect Size and Statistical Power in Psychological Research
Clark-Carter, D. D. (2007) · The Irish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/03033910.2007.10446244 · Cited by 6
Age-related changes in word retrieval vary by self-reported anxiety but not depression symptoms
Shafto, M. A., James, L. E., Abrams, L., & Can, C. (2018) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2018.1527284 · Cited by 7
“However, as noted in the Introduction and supported in the Results, the shift from facilitation to impairment in our participants is unlikely to reflect age-related increases in anxiety from middle age to old age, as a previous norming study found little evidence for a strong age effect (Crawford et al., 2001), and ou…”
ResultCF-CATS: An uncontrolled feasibility study of using tai chi for adults with cystic fibrosis
Lorenc, A., Mian, A., Madge, S. L., Carr, S. B., & Robinson, N. (2013) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2013.09.003 · Cited by 6
“Anxiety and depression was similar to the general population [45], as seen in other studies [46,47] and the CF population at the Brompton (6.”
ResultRimlinger, N. A. (2016) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d7637355aa43 · Cited by 8
Noble, A. J., Snape, D., Nevitt, S. J., Holmes, E. A. F., Morgan, M., Smith, C. T., Hughes, D. A., Buchanan, M., McVicar, J., MacCallum, E., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035516 · Cited by 5
Kelly, M., Kilham, K., Walter, A., Bell-Weinberg, K., Livingston, G., & Dow, B. (2024) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1071/ib23073 · Cited by 5
Is Alexithymia the Link Between Anorexia and Autism Spectrum Disorders?
Miniati, M., Marazziti, D., & Palagini, L. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220302 · Cited by 5
“…Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (Fairburn & Beglin, 1994), the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983; Crawford et al., 2001), the ObsessiveCompulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R) (Foa et al., 2002), the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence2nd…”
MethodGough, K., Bergin, R. J., Drosdowsky, A., Aranda, S. K., Mileshkin, L., Jackson, M., Kinnane, N., Bernshaw, D. M., Juraskova, I., White, K., et al. (2022) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.08.008 · Cited by 5
Spouse Perceptions of Patient Self-Reported Vertigo Severity and Dizziness
Piker, E. G., Jacobson, G. P., Tran, A. T., et al. (2012) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0b013e31825d9a13 · Cited by 5
“(39) reported anxiety and depression scores of 11 points or greater (i.”
BackgroundAutobiographical Memory and Psychological Distress in a Sample of Upper-Limb Amputees
Luchetti, M., Montebarocci, O., Rossi, N. C. F., Cutti, A. G., & Sutin, A. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099803 · Cited by 5
“, [1–4]; see [5]) and report less life satisfaction than healthy controls [6].”
BackgroundNeural Response to High and Low Energy Food Images in Anorexia Nervosa
Foroughi, N., Donnelly, B., Williams, M., Madden, S., Kohn, M. R., Clarke, S. P., Sachdev, P. S., Touyz, S. W., & Hay, P. (2021) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2103107 · Cited by 5
“It was developed for use in general medical out-patient clinics but is now widely used in clinical practice and research [41] and has been used in non-clinical populations [42].”
MethodStanford, C. E., Hastings, R. P., Riby, D. M., Archer, H. J., Page, S. E., & Cebula, K. R. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2020.1812347 · Cited by 5
“The clinical cut-off score for both anxiety and depression is recommended as scores of 10 or above (Crawford et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfant face interest is associated with voice information and maternal psychological health
Taylor, G., Slade, P., & Herbert, J. S. (2014) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.08.002 · Cited by 5
Davey, G. C. L., Meeten, F., Barnes, G. L., & Dash, S. R. (2013) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 5
Ross, J., Macdiarmid, J. I., Rostron, C. L., WATT, S. J., & Crawford, J. R. (2013) · Extreme Physiology & Medicine · doi:10.1186/2046-7648-2-5 · Cited by 5
“Multiple symptom reporting in the absence of identifiable disease can imply a tendency to somatise in a population [20,21], in which case symptom reporting might be taken as an unreliable indicator of physical illness and would not be justified as part of any health screening process.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDitmar, M. F. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06561-0.00002-1 · Cited by 7
Disclosure of eating disorders and subsequent help seeking
Gilbert, N. (2009) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 5
Economou, A., Konsolaki, E., Kalsi, I. A., & Psychountaki, M. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241252264 · Cited by 6
“No cutoff scores were used in the present study, in line with the view that depression is a dimensional rather than categorical construct (Crawford et al., 2001).”
taghavi, T., Ghadirian, F., Zahra, A. A., Nahiddokht, S., Fatemeh, N., & Soghrat, F. (2012) · The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/futureacademy/ejsbs(2301-2218).2012.2.9 · Cited by 4
Associations between Job Characteristics, Mental Health and Driving: A Secondary Analysis
Bowen, L., & Smith, A. P. (2019) · Journal of Education Society and Behavioural Science · doi:10.9734/jesbs/2019/v29i230104 · Cited by 4
“Originally developed for use in clinical settings, it also demonstrates appropriate validity in other populations [34].”
BackgroundAchermann, R., Koller, M., Geest, S. D., Hadaya, K., Müller, T. F., Huynh‐Do, U., Pascual, M. A., Steiger, J. U., Kiss, A., & Binet, I. (2021) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2021.20532 · Cited by 4
The Interactive Effect of Anxiety Sensitivity and Metacognitive Beliefs on Anxiety
Gorday, J. Y., & Bardeen, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00054 · Cited by 6
Banno, T., Hasegawa, T., Yamato, Y., Yoshida, G., Arima, H., Oe, S., Ide, K., Yamada, T., Kurosu, K., & Matsuyama, Y. (2023) · Spine Surgery and Related Research · doi:10.22603/ssrr.2023-0117 · Cited by 4
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Arousal Disorders: Chicken or Egg?
Selby, K. E., Morrison, I., & Riha, R. L. (2012) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11070173 · Cited by 4
Williams, C. Y. K., Knight, R. D., Donnelly, N. P., & Bance, M. (2020) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/coa.13590 · Cited by 4
Canbeyli, F. H., Atasayan, V., Tokgoz, S., et al. (2021) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.25777 · Cited by 4
“Higher scores indicate greater depression and/or anxiety.(20,21)”
Mental health in adults living with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
Sarveswaran, S., Mortenson, W. B., & Sawatzky, B. (2023) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.32042 · Cited by 4
“The mean HADS-D score was slightly higher than the mean (3.68 ± 3.07) of a sample of 1792 adults from the general U.K. population (Crawford et al., 2001), but less than a comparative population (5.5 ± 3.7) seen in a sample of 963 individuals in the United Kingdom with SCI (Woolrich et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialTee, A., & Reed, P. (2016) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12376 · Cited by 4
Social Contacts and Ecstasy Offers: Findings of a Population-Based Study
Smirnov, A., Najman, J. M., Legosz, M., Wells, H., & Kemp, R. (2013) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.845708 · Cited by 4
“A cut-off of 14 indicates high levels of distress (Bjelland et al. 2002; Crawford et al. 2001).”
BackgroundA Health Problem? Health and Employability in the UK Labour Market
Warren, J., Garthwaite, K., & Bambra, C. L. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137314277_6 · Cited by 4
Spada, M. M., & Moneta, G. B. (2005) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1300/j233v03n04_06 · Cited by 4
Coffey, L., & Gallagher, P. (2012) · Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University) · Cited by 4
‘Just Normal’: a grounded theory of prosthesis use
Jefferies, P. (2015) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 4
Ferguson, H. N., SANJUAN, A., Perkins, A. J., Elias, M. N., Wang, S., Mekala, S. N., Devine, B., Koehler, Z., Chi, R., Gao, S., et al. (2026) · CHEST Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.chstcc.2026.100242 · Cited by 5
“Although in prior studies ICU delirium survivors have had high rates of mood impairments, 9,40–44 multiple systematic reviews have not shown delirium itself to be a risk factor.”
The nature and functions of appearance‐related comparisons in body dysmorphic disorder
Turner, M. A., Veale, D. M., & Anson, M. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13043 · Cited by 3
The association of brain injury severity with dream cessation and nightmares
Fisher-Hicks, S., Lovett, V. E., Wood, R. L., & Blagrove, M. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109209 · Cited by 2
Hall, S., Wrench, J. M., Connellan, M., Ott, N., & Wilson, S. J. (2019) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.06.029 · Cited by 3
Predictors of mental health and fatigue among isolated oil and gas workers
Alroomi, A. S., & Mohamed, S. (2021) · Safety and Reliability · doi:10.1080/09617353.2020.1858390 · Cited by 3
Kiley-Morgan, J., Thompson, T., Shravat, A., & Punt, L. (2021) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2021.1895077 · Cited by 3
Piazza, J., Heering, L. K., Peters, S. L., White, M., Baker, M. K., Baello, C., Schwenzer, C., & Deeb, G. M. (2022) · The Journal of Child Life Psychosocial Theory and Practice · doi:10.55591/001c.38502 · Cited by 3
Šilić, P., Jeng, B., Jones, C. D., Huynh, T. L. T., Duffecy, J. L., & Motl, R. W. (2023) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100541 · Cited by 3
Tanner, J., Wilson, P., Wight, D., & Thompson, L. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2024.1395365 · Cited by 3
Alallawi, B., Hastings, R. P., & Aabe, N. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12081114 · Cited by 4
Barboza, C. F., & Forero, M. J. F. (2011) · Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia · doi:10.17533/udea.rp.10610 · Cited by 3
Impact of Pain Intensity on Relationship Quality Between Couples Where One Has Back Pain
Vivekanantham, A., Campbell, P., Mallen, C. D., & Dunn, K. M. (2014) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12366 · Cited by 3
Schizophrenia and the display of embarrassment
Bailey, P. E., Henry, J. D., & Reed, E. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390802348018 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLuck, P. (2006) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13576500500304445 · Cited by 3
A State of Alcohol Hangover Impedes Everyday Prospective Memory
Heffernan, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00348 · Cited by 3
Structure and invariance of the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) in adolescents
Faro, A., de Araújo, L. F., Maciel, S. C., de Lima, T. J. S., & de Souza, L. E. C. (2021) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v15i2.2069 · Cited by 6
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for Use Among Adolescents
Chan, C. Y., Koh, Y. W., & Lee, A. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3842 · Cited by 3
The role of sleep in chronic fatigue syndrome
Gotts, Z. M. (2014) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) · Cited by 3
Webster, R. (2012) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 3
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for Use Among Adolescents
Chan, C. Y., Koh, Y. W., & Lee, A. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_3842 · Cited by 3
Ooi, J., & Steverson, T. (2023) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x23000260 · Cited by 2
“However, even in very large non-clinical samples, the distribution of scores on common mood questionnaires can still be positively skewed (Crawford et al ., 2001).”
BackgroundDoherty, M., Chukwusa, E., McQuillan, R., Cranfield, F., & Gao, W. (2024) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2023.0437 · Cited by 2
“The HADS results supported the IPOS Neuro data in relation to psychological distress, with over a quarter of participants meeting the recognized criteria 29 for a diagnosis of anxiety and depression, and no statistical difference was found between groups.”
Hart, T. A., Berlin, G. W., Deng, Y., Noor, S. W. B., Palma, P. A., Skakoon‐Sparling, S., Wardell, J. D., Dermody, S. S., Tan, D. H. S., Grace, D., et al. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06737-4 · Cited by 2
“Class 1 has lower depression scores and anxiety scores compared to other CM use classes and similar scores as the GBM who do not use CM in the present study and other normative samples (Crawford et al., 2001; Hansson et al., 2009 ).”
Dorrans, E. M., Paine, A. L., Hobson, C. W., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2025) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-025-01916-1 · Cited by 4
“Importantly, our mean scores were notably higher than those reported in normative, non-clinical samples [55].”
Transtibial ve transfemoral amputelerin denge ve düşme düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması
Aydın, A., & Atiç, R. (2019) · Bozok Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.16919/bozoktip.448459 · Cited by 2
Interventions to help support caregivers of people with a brain or spinal cord tumour
Boele, F. W., Bulbeck, H., Browne, C., et al. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012582 · Cited by 2
Juárez, F. P.-G., Solomonova, E., Nephtali, E., & Gold, I. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2023.100153 · Cited by 3
Sex-driven factors associated with anxiety and depression in autoimmune diabetes
Saudelli, E., Moscatiello, S., Baldari, M., Bongiorno, C., Zucchini, S., Maltoni, G., Agostini, A., Paccapelo, A., Nardi, E., Ribichini, D., et al. (2024) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-024-02275-4 · Cited by 4
Green, L., McDowell, L. J., Ip, F., Tapia, M., Zhou, M., Fahey, M. T., Dixon, B. J., & Magarey, M. J. R. (2024) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.107032 · Cited by 2
Psychological morbidity in chronic orofacial pain and headaches
Yazdi, M. R. T., Yilmaz, Z., Renton, T. F., & Page, L. (2012) · Oral Surgery · doi:10.1111/ors.12003 · Cited by 2
Bradbury, J., & Lievesley, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52328-2_6 · Cited by 2
Longitudinal analysis of social isolation effects on finger tapping in the Blursday database
Hiroyasu, E. M. G., Laje, R., Nomura, K., Spiousas, I., Hayashi, M. J., & Yotsumoto, Y. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38488-w · Cited by 2
Thompson, L. C., Tanner, J., Breckons, M., Young, N., Ternent, L., Vadiveloo, T., Wilson, P., Wight, D., Marryat, L., McGowan, I., et al. (2024) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/kcvl7125 · Cited by 2
Stewart, B. J. R., Turnbull, D. A., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Harley, H. A. J., & Andrews, J. M. (2015) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901511010174 · Cited by 3
“Levels of depression and anxiety were compared against British norms for T1 HADS scores [18] and T2 DASS scores [19], and the discrepancy between effect sizes analysed, in order to provide an assessment of change independent of DASS conversion.”
MethodLiving with heart failure: effects of an educational programme on patients and family members
Löfvenmark, C. (2011) · Figshare · Cited by 2
Health and People with Usher syndrome
Wahlqvist, M. (2015) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2
The effect of type 1 diabetes on executive function in young adults
Reid, M. D. (2017) · Research Commons (University of Waikato) · Cited by 2
Role of physical exercise in reducing depression and improving mental health in cancer survivors
Levin, G. (2014) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · Cited by 2
Martin, S. S., Oltra, A., & Monte, J. D. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04843-4 · Cited by 1
Vinaccia, S., Velázquez, A. C., Pineda, P., Quiceno, J. M., Gómez-Acosta, A., Sequeda, G., & Matar-Khalil, S. (2023) · Diversitas · doi:10.15332/22563067.9108 · Cited by 1
Sarzyńska, K., & Jankowska‐Polańska, B. (2025) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2025.77.56684 · Cited by 1
Durcan, R., Paula, H., Ghosh, B. C. P., Street, D., High, J., McAlister, C., Shepstone, L., Russell, C., Grant, K., Igosheva, N., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099577 · Cited by 1
Sadeghi, F., Hussey, J. M., & Doyle, S. L. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13162057 · Cited by 1
Parental psychosocial outcomes after a positive newborn screen for a lysosomal storage disorder
Berrios, C., Gadea, R. N., Strenk, M. E., et al. (2025) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2025.109235 · Cited by 1
Cialdella, F., van Grinsven, E. E., Nagtegaal, S., van der Boog, A. T. J., Hinkert, C. C., Jentink, M. G., Smid, E. J., Claes, A., Kleynen, C. E., Snijders, T. J., et al. (2025) · Neuro-Oncology Practice · doi:10.1093/nop/npaf105 · Cited by 1
Disgust propensity, fear of contamination and underlying dimensions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Lappalainen, P. S. M. (2012) · Cited by 1
Reaction profiles in patients and their caregivers
Petruzzi, A., Finocchiaro, C. Y., Lamperti, E., et al. (2012) · Cited by 1
Vorobyova, O. V., & Stadniuk, Y. I. (2017) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20171179244-49 · Cited by 1
Czerwińska, K., Beneria, A., Bañeras, J., Kwasiborski, P. J., Velagapudi, P., Ijioma, N., Trêpa, M., Fekadu, C., Vandenbriele, C., Stratinaki, M., et al. (2022) · Kardiologia Polska · doi:10.33963/kp.a2022.0065 · Cited by 1
Stibbs-Eaton, L., Hodgson, C., Kolade, A., Crowell, J., Gemignani, J., Hope, H. F., Pierce, M., Elmadih, A., Zhao, C., Downey, D., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053598 · Cited by 1
Prabani, K., & Damayanthi, H. (2022) · International Health Trends and Perspectives · doi:10.32920/ihtp.v2i1.1540 · Cited by 1
Briscoe, L., Marsland, L., Doyle, C., Docherty, G., Flynn, A., & Gichuru, P. (2022) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2022.2129643 · Cited by 1
“All participants completed the following tests: Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) is a 14-item validated (Crawford et al., 2001; Herrmann, 1997) questionnaire that can be completed in two minutes.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Crawford, J. R., Henry, J. D., Crombie, C., & Taylor, E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Crawford, J. R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 429-434
- ISSN
- 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8260
- OpenAlex
- W2014718757
- Cited by
- 815
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 8.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- reference values, anxiety, depression, non-clinical population, scoring reliability, cut-off values
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
