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Normative data for the HADS from a large non-clinical sample
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To provide normative data for the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). DESIGN: Repeated measures and correlational. METHODS: The HADS was administered to a non-clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1792) in terms of the distributions of age, gender and occupational status. Correlational analysis was used to determine the influence of demographic variables on HADS scores. RESULTS: Demographic variables had only very modest influences on HADS scores. The reliability of the HADS is acceptable; the Anxiety and Depression scales are moderately correlated (.53). Tables to convert raw scores to percentiles are presented for females and males. CONCLUSIONS: The present normative data allow clinicians to assess the rarity of a given HADS score, and thus provide a useful supplement to existing cut-off scores.
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“The proportions of the current sample meeting the criteria for moderate-severe levels of symptoms for anxiety (n = 11, 10.1%) and depression (n = 8, 7.1%) were higher than those reported by Crawford et al. in their large, community, non-clinical sample of males (8% and 2%, respectively).”
From Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment. (2010) · cites this paper as Crawford et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“Scores of 11 or higher on each sub-scale of the HADS are recognized to suggest moderate to severe anxiety or depression (Crawford et al. 2001).”
From Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment. (2010) · cites this paper as Crawford et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“However, even in very large non-clinical samples, the distribution of scores on common mood questionnaires can still be positively skewed (Crawford et al ., 2001).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for post-stroke adjustment difficulties via telerehabilitation in a working-age man (2023) · cites this paper as Crawford et al ., 2001
In the citing paper
“Overall the baseline HADS-Total mean 19.20 (SD = 6.18) was high, as compared to a non-clinical Australian community sample mean 9.82 (SD = 5.98) (Crawford et al., 2001).”
From A mixed methods pilot and feasibility open trial of internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (iCanADAPT Advanced) for people with advanced cancer with depression and/or anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as Crawford et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“a recommended cut-off score for clinical levels of depression suggested at 10/11 (Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001).”
From A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools (2018) · cites this paper as Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001
In the citing paper
“In relation to the small change in depression scores, the small effect may not necessarily be due to a lack of treatment effect, but possibly because of relatively moderate levels of depression presented by the current sample, with a pre-intervention mean scores of 6.75, and a recommended cut-off score for clinical levels of depression suggested at 10/11 (Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001).”
From A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools (2018) · cites this paper as Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001
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BackgroundInfluentialMale body image following acquired brain injury
Howes, H., Edwards, S., & Benton, D. (2004) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050410001720077 · Cited by 25
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“While patients’ baseline HADS subscale scores for anxiety were comparable to scores from the general adult population, depression subscale scores were higher (54).”
ResultExposure to second‐hand smoke damages everyday prospective memory
Heffernan, T., & O'Neill, T. S. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04056.x · Cited by 24
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Reliability and factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a polytrauma clinic
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“The mean HADS-A scores of the participants were 10.54 compared to a UK population norm of 6.14, and the mean HADS-D score was 8.85 compared to a UK population norm of 3.68 (Crawford et al., 2001).”
ResultInfluentialMark, G., & Smith, A. P. (2018) · Journal of Education Society and Behavioural Science · doi:10.9734/jesbs/2018/41894 · Cited by 23
“It shows that those who score over 11 out of 21 (a clinically relevant score as defined by [51] are 16.”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation of Depressive Symptoms with Sleep Disturbance: A Co-twin Control Study
Huang, M., Bliwise, D. L., Hall, M. H., Johnson, D. A., Sloan, R. P., Shah, A. J., Goldberg, J. H., Ko, Y., Murrah, N. V., Levantsevych, O. M., et al. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab040 · Cited by 24
Problematic Smartphone Use Influences the Relationship Between Experiential Avoidance and Anxiety
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“Although the DASS-21 Anxiety score was used in a manner consistent with a dimensional model of anxiety, 53 the present findings may not generalize to clinical samples.”
Choi, A., Martyr, A., Clare, L., Fossey, J., Khan, Z., McDermid, J., & Ballard, C. G. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2022.03.017 · Cited by 22
Fisher, P., McNicol, K., Young, B., Smith, E., & Salmon, P. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology · doi:10.1089/jayao.2014.0046 · Cited by 23
Young adults' trajectories of Ecstasy use: A population based study
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Kyriakopoulos, A. (2010) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733145.2010.485696 · Cited by 23
“Connell, Barkham, & Mellor-Clark, 2007 ; Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001 ; Rana, Smith, & Walking, 1999 ; Roberts, 2002 ; Webb, Ashton, Kelly, & Kamali, 1996 ).”
The Impact of Appearance Concerns on Depression and Anxiety in Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Kazemi, H., Ghassemi, S., Fereshtehnejad, S., et al. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 23
Parental perceptions of childhood feeding problems
Harvey, L. F., Bryant‐Waugh, R., Watkins, B., & Meyer, C. (2013) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493513509422 · Cited by 23
“This 14-item selfreport questionnaire is widely used with non-clinical samples (Crawford et al., 2001).”
MethodLevels of distress in breast cancer survivors approaching discharge from routine hospital follow‐up
Thompson, J. L., Coleman, R., Colwell, B., Freeman, J. V., Greenfield, D., Holmes, K. P., Mathers, N. J., & Reed, M. (2012) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3229 · Cited by 23
“HADS/CORE scores for anxiety and depression and comparison with non-clinical population norms (note that for CORE, lower values indicate better psychological health) [25,26]”
ResultIs strabismus the only problem? Psychological issues surrounding strabismus surgery
Adams, G. G. W., McBain, H. B., MacKenzie, K. A., Hancox, J. C., Ezra, D. G., & Newman, S. P. (2016) · Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.07.221 · Cited by 23
Martyr, A., Boycheva, E., & Kudlicka, A. (2017) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12129 · Cited by 26
The development and validation of the Pre‐operative Intrusive Thoughts Inventory (PITI)
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Martin, C. R., BONNER, A. B., Brook, A., & Luscombe, C. (2006) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500500155883 · Cited by 23
“Comparison with normative UK data Highly statistically significant differences were observed between HADS-A (t(313)¼ 11.95, p5 .001) and HADS-D (t(313)¼ 13.85, p5 .001) mean scores of the current study compared to the normative data of Crawford et al. (2001).”
ResultInfluentialDisclosure of anogenital warts to sexual partners
Scrivener, L. D., Green, J., Hetherton, J., & Brook, G. (2008) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2007.029116 · Cited by 25
Quality of life and cancer-related needs in patients with choroidal melanoma
Wiley, J. F., Laird, K. T., Beran, T. M., McCannel, T. A., & Stanton, A. L. (2013) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303635 · Cited by 22
Hope‐Stone, L., Brown, S. L., Heimann, H., et al. (2015) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.005 · Cited by 22
Sharp, L., Cotton, S., Gray, N. M., Avis, M., Russell, I., Walker, L. G., Waugh, N., Whynes, D., Woolley, C., Thornton, A., et al. (2010) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6606042 · Cited by 23
“(Groenvold et al, 1999; Crawford et al, 2001; Andrea et al, 2004).”
BackgroundTherapeutic group programme for women with postnatal depression in rural Victoria: a pilot study
Craig, E., Judd, F. K., & Hodgins, G. A. (2005) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1665.2005.02204.x · Cited by 22
Reliability and Validity of the Hungarian Version of the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale
Makó, H. S. (2014) · International Journal of Gynecological and Obstetrical Research · doi:10.14205/2309-4400.2014.02.01.5 · Cited by 22
“Scores on both scales range from 0 to 21, with the clinical cut point being identified at 8 [37].”
BackgroundBowler, J. O., Bartholomew, K. J., Kellar, I., Mackintosh, B., Hoppitt, L., & Bayliss, A. P. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.908 · Cited by 23
“The disproportionate allocation of attentional resources to pain-related cues over competing information (attentional bias) putatively increases vulnerability to pain (see Schoth et al., 2012; Crombez et al., 2013 for review).”
BackgroundHowarth, A., Riaz, M. A., Perkins-Porras, L., Smith, J. G., Subramaniam, J., Copland, C., Hurley, M. V., Beith, I. D., & USSHER, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00040-5 · Cited by 22
Taylor, C. L., Macdiarmid, J. I., Ross, J., et al. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1015 · Cited by 22
Self-citationAnxiety and depression in Australian chronic hepatitis C outpatients: prevalence and predictors
Stewart, B. J. R., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Morgan, J., Colman, A., Phelps, M., Harley, H. A. J., & Andrews, J. M. (2012) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856212460597 · Cited by 22
Webster, J., New, K., Fenn, M., et al. (2015) · Australian Health Review · doi:10.1071/ah15095 · Cited by 21
Perceptions of care and patient-reported outcomes in people living with neuroendocrine tumours
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Anthony, R., Paine, A. L., & Shelton, K. H. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16245153 · Cited by 21
Dhont, J., Tella, M. D., Dubois, L. J., Aznar, M. C., Petit, S., Spalek, M. J., Boldrini, L., Franco, P., & Bertholet, J. (2020) · Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ctro.2020.06.006 · Cited by 22
“Mean normative depressive symptom scores are more homogeneous, ranging between 3.0 and 3.7, with a maximum of 4.0 reported by a Swedish study and several studies reporting a positive trend between depressive symptoms and age [17–19].”
InfluentialIneichen, C., & Baumann‐Vogel, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.720921 · Cited by 25
Increases in Exhaled Nitric Oxide After Acute Stress
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“The dependent variable was FeNO level and the main Level 2 predictors were PSS, HADS-A, HADS-D.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPattern of Executive Impairment in Mild to Moderate Parkinson's Disease
Kudlicka, A., Clare, L., & Hindle, J. V. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000348355 · Cited by 24
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“The following inventories were completed by children just before their clinical assessment (baseline) and followup (6 weeks and 3, 6 and 12 months): 11-item Chalder Fatigue Scale [19]; visual analogue pain rating scale; the SF-36 [20]; the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale [21]; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale…”
MethodWynne, C., Comiskey, C. M., Hollywood, E., Quirke, M. B., O’Sullivan, K., & McGilloway, S. (2014) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0634-7 · Cited by 21
“14) that fell within the normal range for general populations in the UK and the Netherlands [42, 43].”
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van Kerkhoven, L. A. S., van Rossum, L. G. M., van Oijen, M. G. H., Witteman, E. M., Jansen, J. B. �. �., Laheij, R. J. F., & Tan, A. C. I. T. L. (2005) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02435.x · Cited by 20
East, P., Startup, H. M., Roberts, C., & Schmidt, U. H. (2010) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.978 · Cited by 22
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Long-term outcomes of major upper extremity replantations
Ng, W. K. Y., Kaur, M. N., & Thoma, A. (2014) · Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1177/229255031402200108 · Cited by 20
van der Zanden, R. A., Galindo‐Garre, F., Curie, K., Kramer, J., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171300175x · Cited by 19
“For clinical depression we used a CES-D cut-off score of 522 (Cuijpers et al. 2008) and for anxiety disorder a HADS cut-off score of 511 (Crawford et al. 2001).”
MethodMaternal Stress and the Functions of Positivity in Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability
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Angst und Depressivität bei Tumorpatienten im Verlauf der radioonkologischen Behandlung
Maurer, J., Schäfer, C., Maurer, O., & Kölbl, O. (2012) · Strahlentherapie und Onkologie · doi:10.1007/s00066-012-0143-y · Cited by 20
“Dies und die Ergebnisse von Crawford (Angst 12%, Depressivität 3%; Grenzwert ≥11) zeigen, dass in dem von uns untersuchten Kollektiv insbesondere vor Therapie (Zeitpunkt A) ein höherer Grad an Angst und Depressivität als in der Allgemeinbevölkerung herrschte [4].”
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Perceived Discrimination Among Ethnic Minority Young People: The Role of Psychological Variables1
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“The maximum score for each scale is 21. Both subscales are reliable and valid and are suitable for use in the general population (Aylard, Gooding, McKenna, & Snaith, 1987; Crawford, Henry, Crombie, & Taylor, 2001; Moorey, Greer, & Watson, 1991).”
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“For each subscale, a result of 0 to 7 represents the normal condition; of 8 to 10 identify mild cases; of 11 to 15 moderate cases; and of 16 or above indicates the presence of severe cases (Snaith and Zigmond 1994; Crawford et al. 2001; Quelhas and Costa 2009).”
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“001 Nocturnal pain (100-mm VAS) 30 (10-60) 20 (5-50) 55 (40-80) < 0.”
InfluentialFactors associated with anxiety and depression in the management of acoustic neuroma patients
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“Our findings are in congruence with current literature which suggests that much like healthcare providers, family caregivers tend to prioritize the care of patients, often causing the latter to neglect their own well-being [9, 10, 35].”
ResultDepressive Symptoms in Men Post-Miscarriage
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del Hoyo, Y. L., Panzano, M. G., Lahera, G., Herrera‐Mercadal, P., Navarro‐Gil, M., Campos, D., Borao, L., Morillo, H., & García‐Campayo, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225608 · Cited by 19
“HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale �p .05.”
MethodInfluentialPang, C., Gibson, M., Nisbet, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Vascular Surgery Venous and Lymphatic Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.03.019 · Cited by 19
“30 However, it was likely that the patients with vascular malformations reported poorer mental health status as supported by their lower scores in the mental health and related domains in SF-36 when compared with the UK general population in this study.”
ResultGieteling, E. W., Bakker, M., Hoekema, A., Maurits, N. M., Brouwer, W., & van der Hoeven, J. H. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.11.018 · Cited by 18
“However, the average scores of both groups were still in the normal range [17,28,29] and depression scores were not related to performance on the driving task.”
BackgroundMcFadden, K., Sharp, L., & Cruickshank, M. E. (2009) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.3109/01443610903191285 · Cited by 19
“Scores of 11 or more out of 21 are used to identify a clinically significant case on either subscale, and published normative data are available (Zigmond and Snaith 1983; Crawford et al. 2001; Mykletun et al. 2001) .”
BackgroundMethodLin, K., Denehy, L., Frawley, H., Wilson, L., & Granger, C. L. (2018) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2017.1422165 · Cited by 18
Anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias to threat interact to prospectively predict anxiety
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Psychological distress and coping following eye removal surgery
Sadiq, S. A., Pattinson, R., Poole, H. M., & Bundy, C. (2019) · Orbit · doi:10.1080/01676830.2019.1658789 · Cited by 18
Myerson, J., Strube, M., Green, L., & Hale, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257658 · Cited by 19
“To explore this possibility, we focused on the 211 participants whose anxiety and depression scores were below empirically based cutoffs for anxiety and depressive disorders [24].”
BackgroundMerrick, A. D., Grieve, A., & Cogan, N. A. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316654857 · Cited by 21
“6%) using higher HADS cut-off scores (11+) (Crawford et al., 2001).”
MethodThe construct of maternal positivity in mothers of children with intellectual disability
Jess, M., Hastings, R. P., & Totsika, V. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12402 · Cited by 26
Defensive coping styles, anxiety and chronic low back pain
Lewis, S., Fowler, N. E., Woby, S. R., & Holmes, P. S. (2012) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2011.10.003 · Cited by 18
Shier, A. J., Keogh, T. M., Costello, A. M., O’Riordan, A., & Gallagher, S. M. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113550 · Cited by 18
Opdebeeck, C., Quinn, C., Nelis, S. M., & Clare, L. (2015) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-015-0359-7 · Cited by 18
Hattori, Y., Katayama, M., Kida, D., & Kaneko, A. (2018) · JCR Journal of Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/rhu.0000000000000735 · Cited by 18
Parker, H. L., Hoad, C. L., Tucker, E., et al. (2018) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.13463 · Cited by 18
Young People Living at Risk of Huntington’s Disease: The Lived Experience
Lewit-Mendes, M., Lowe, G. C., Lewis, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Huntington s Disease · doi:10.3233/jhd-180308 · Cited by 18
“In the current study, anxiety scores were significantly higher when compared to three different community samples, while depression scores were significantly higher compared to two community samples [37, 38].”
Battersby, A. C., Braggins, H., Pearce, M. S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-019-00607-6 · Cited by 18
Zavagli, V., Miglietta, E., Varani, S., Pannuti, R., Brighetti, G., & Pannuti, F. (2015) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2854-y · Cited by 20
“The HADS is quick and easy to complete and score, and it has established reliability and validity [24–26].”
BackgroundSchaafsma, F. G., Wolf, A. D., Kayaian, A., & Cameron, I. D. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-36 · Cited by 19
Hampson, N., King, L., Eriksson, L.-M., & Smee, H. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1554009 · Cited by 17
Subjective sensory sensitivity and its relationship with anxiety in people with probable migraine
Price, A., Sumner, P., & Powell, G. (2021) · Headache · doi:10.1111/head.14219 · Cited by 15
Jha, S., Stogios, N., de Oliveira, A. S., Thomas, S. G., & Nolan, R. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.853733 · Cited by 21
“Additionally, our participants were typical of young elite musicians with symptoms of anxiety and depression in line with normative HADS values for students or individuals in the early stages of their career (34).”
BackgroundDepression and Anxiety Screening and Triage Protocol for Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs
Tulloch, H. E., Heenan, A., Cupper, L., Pelletier, R., O’Farrell, P., & Pipe, A. (2017) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000276 · Cited by 17
The interactive effect of emotional reactivity and maladaptive metacognitive beliefs on anxiety
Clauss, K. E., Bardeen, J. R., Thomas, K., & Benfer, N. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1625752 · Cited by 21
Public Views on Models for Accessing Genomic and Health Data for Research: Mixed Methods Study
Jones, K. H., Daniels, H., Squires, E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14384 · Cited by 17
“This might be due, in part, to the fact that women show greater levels of anxiety than men in the general population [18].”
BackgroundDuff, A. J. A. (2015) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2015.07.006 · Cited by 17
“Raw HADS data from the UK group was converted to centile scores to compare elevated symptoms with a UK community sample using the same measure [16,17].”
MethodSchröder, C. D., Johnston, M., Morrison, V. L., Teunissen, L. L., Notermans, N. C., & van Meeteren, N. L. U. (2007) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.52.3.280 · Cited by 17
“Scores on the measures of control cognitions varied; average levels of anxious and depressed mood were below clinical cut-off scores (Crawford et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe role of trait emotional intelligence in the diagnostic cancer pathway
Smith, S. G., Petrides, K. V., Green, J. S. A., & Sevdalis, N. (2012) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-012-1423-x · Cited by 19
“These levels are markedly higher than normative estimates from the British population [33], confirming that this patient group is indeed at risk of psychological impairment.”
Chan, W., Jones, D. A., Bosch, J. A., McPhee, J. S., Crabtree, N. J., McTernan, P. G., Kaur, O., Inston, N. G., Moore, S., McClean, A., et al. (2015) · Transplant International · doi:10.1111/tri.12727 · Cited by 17
“In this study, the mean anxiety score for KTRs on HADS was 8 5, considered as mild anxiety [50].”
BackgroundSensorimotor dysfunction after limb fracture – An exploratory study
Hall, J. P., Llewellyn, A. M., Palmer, S., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.863 · Cited by 17
Wang, R., Zhang, D., Wang, S., Zhao, T., Zang, Y., & Su, Y. (2020) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.03.018 · Cited by 17
Roche, L. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1683896 · Cited by 15
Wettergren, L., Mattsson, E., & von Essén, L. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03481.x · Cited by 16
“to a cut-off score indicating clinically relevant distress (Zigmond & Snaith 1983, Snaith & Zigmond 1994) and/or against normative values (Crawford et al. 2001).”
BackgroundMethodEllis, K., & Jones, F. W. (2022) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00194-0 · Cited by 16
von Vogelsang, A., Svensson, M. A., Wengström, Y., & Forsberg, C. (2012) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.032 · Cited by 17
Backström-Eriksson, L., Sorjonen, K., Brucefors, A. B., Hjelte, L., & Melin, B. (2015) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0117-9 · Cited by 16
“HADS scores can be used in two ways: either by comparing an individual’s score to normative values, or by using cut-off scores indicating severity of distress levels [18, 20].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Crawford, J. R., Henry, J. D., Crombie, C., & Taylor, E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Crawford, J. R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 429-434
- ISSN
- 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8260
- OpenAlex
- W2014718757
- Cited by
- 815
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 8.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- reference values, anxiety, depression, non-clinical population, scoring reliability, cut-off values
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results
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