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Cited by 101Family and Disability Support ResearchMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDown syndrome and intellectual disability research

Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment.

Open access
MacDonald, Elaine E., Hastings, Richard P., Fitzsimons, Elaine·2010·Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities
DOI 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00546.x
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Abstract

Background Previous research with mothers of children with intellectual disabilities has shown that psychological acceptance is related to maternal psychological well-being. The present research extended this line of enquiry to fathers and explored the potential for psychological acceptance to mediate the impact of children's behaviour problems on paternal well-being. Method Ninety-nine fathers of 67 boys and 32 girls with intellectual disability, between 6 and 18 years of age, participated in a questionnaire study. Psychological acceptance of difficult/negative emotions and thoughts associated with interactions with the child with intellectual disability were measured alongside ratings of the child's behaviour problems and paternal negative (stress, anxiety, depression) and positive ('positive gain') well-being. Results Psychological acceptance was found to partially mediate the impact of child behaviour problems on paternal stress, anxiety, and depression. Acceptance was also a positive predictor of fathers' perceptions of positive gain associated with raising their child with intellectual disability. However, it could not function as a potential mediator of positive gain in the present research because fathers' ratings of their child's behaviour problems were not associated with paternal positive gain. Conclusions Implications for practice include the potential of acceptance-based interventions, and other psychological interventions targeting acceptance and avoidance processes (e.g. mindfulness-based approaches), to positively affect paternal psychological adjustment.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00546.x

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

8 tests recomputed · 0 with the reported and recomputed p on opposite sides of .05

Claims the paper makes

2 of 60 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    The child's Down syndrome status was a significant independent positive predictor of fathers' positive gain scores.

    “as was the child's Down syndrome status (b = 0.295, P = 0.001).”
    • Also stated in: § Correlational analysis · plain
      “Fathers of children with Down syndrome reported less stress (mean = 3.02, SD = 3.43) than fathers of children with other intellectual disabilities (mean = 5.00, SD = 4.63) (t(82) = 2.44, P = .019),and more positive gain (mean = 14.89,SD = 4.38) than fathers of children with other intellectual disabilities (mean = 12.65, SD = 3.63) (t(97) = 2.74, P = .007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The standardized regression coefficients and associated significance values for child behaviour problems reduced when acceptance was added to the regression models for stress, anxiety, and depression.

    “Again in all three cases, the standardized regression coefficients and associated significance values reduced for child behaviour problems as a predictor at this final step.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There were no significant effects of fathers' educational attainment for any of the father adjustment measures.

    “One-way anova was used to explore the effect of fathers' level of educational attainment, but there were no significant effects of this variable for any of the father adjustment measures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The proportions of the current sample meeting criteria for moderate-severe anxiety (10.1%) and depression (7.1%) were higher than those reported by Crawford et al. in their large, community, non-clinical sample of males (8% and 2%, respectively).

    “The proportions of the current sample meeting the criteria for moderate-severe levels of symptoms for anxiety (n = 11, 10.1%) and depression (n = 8, 7.1%) were higher than those reported by Crawford et al. in their large, community, non-clinical sample of males (8% and 2%, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crawford et al. 2001 source
  • Findingown data

    Fathers of children with Down syndrome reported more positive gain than fathers of children with other intellectual disabilities.

    “and more positive gain (mean = 14.89,SD = 4.38) than fathers of children with other intellectual disabilities (mean = 12.65, SD = 3.63) (t(97) = 2.74, P = .007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 50
  • May combine two claims. 27
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The SDQ is a well validated instrument and has been proven to be as effective as both the Child Behavior Checklist and the Rutter Scales in identifying clinically significant levels of behavioural disturbance in children.

    “The SDQ is a well validated instrument and has been proven to be as effective as both the 'Child Behavior Checklist' (Achenbach 1991) and the 'Rutter Scales' (Elander & Rutter 1996) in identifying clinically significant levels of behavioural disturbance in children (Goodman 1997;Goodman & Scott 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Achenbach 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Elander & Rutter 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Goodman 1997 source

      The Discussion reports equivalent predictive validity for the SDQ and Rutter questionnaires in distinguishing children attending psychiatric versus dental clinics. It says comparable validity with the Child Behavior Checklist was likely, but direct comparisons were still under way. The Conclusion calls the findings initial, so this paper does not establish that the SDQ was proven equally effective as both instruments at identifying clinically significant disturbance in children generally. (LLM, conf=0.89)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Acceptance of difficult emotions and thoughts is a psychological process that can increase resilience in the face of life stress.

    “These results are consistent with theoretical predictions that acceptance of difficult emotions and thoughts is a psychological process that can increase resilience in the face of life stress (Hayes et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hayes et al. 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Acceptance is strongly negatively associated with anxiety, depression and stress; and moderately positively associated with positive gain scores.

    “These analyses show that acceptance is strongly negatively associated with anxiety, depression and stress; and moderately positively associated with positive gain scores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Acceptance was a significant independent negative predictor of paternal stress, anxiety, and depression at the final step of the regression models.

    “For stress, anxiety and depression, acceptance was a significant independent predictor at this third step.”
    • Also stated in: § Correlational analysis · boosted
      “These analyses show that acceptance is strongly negatively associated with anxiety, depression and stress; and moderately positively associated with positive gain scores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences on any of the four adjustment scores between fathers who worked or not, and fathers of girls or boys.

    “There were no significant differences on any of the four adjustment scores between fathers who worked or not, and fathers of girls or boys.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The regression model for positive gain with acceptance and Down syndrome status was statistically significant, explaining 23% of variance.

    “Overall, the regression model for positive gain was statistically significant (R 2 = 0.23, F (2, 96) = 14.62,P < 0.001) and a reasonable proportion of the variance was explained by the two predictors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Child behaviour problems were a significant positive predictor of paternal stress, anxiety, and depression.

    “child behaviour problems were a strong positive predictor of all three paternal negative adjustment dimensions.”
    • Also stated in: § Multiple regression analyses · plain
      “When child behaviour problems entered the analyses for stress, anxiety and depression, this variable added significantly to the regression models and emerged as a significant independent positive predictor of paternal (mal)adjustment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Psychological acceptance was related to fathers' psychological adjustment: fathers who reported more acceptance of difficult emotions and thoughts associated with their child with intellectual disability also reported more positive gain, less stress associated with the impact of the child on the father and the family, and fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression.

    “we found that psychological acceptance was related to father's psychological adjustment”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “fathers who reported more acceptance of difficult emotions and thoughts associated with their child with intellectual disability also reported more positive gain or benefits from this child, less stress associated with the impact of the child on the father and the family and fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lloyd & Hastings 2008 source
    • Rests on an assumption: The measure of psychological acceptance developed for this research validly measures psychological acceptance.
    • Rests on an assumption: Fathers' self-reports of their own psychological functioning and of their child's behaviour problems are accurate.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Child behaviour problems were not associated with positive gain, so potential mediation effects in the analysis of positive gain were not explored.

    “Potential mediation effects in the analysis of positive gain were not explored due to the lack of association with child behaviour problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Non-white or socially deprived parents have very rarely been included in studies evaluating the effect of interventions for psychological distress.

    “Furthermore, non-white or socially deprived parents have very rarely been included in studies evaluating the effect of interventions for psychological distress (Singer et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Singer et al. 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many parents of children with intellectual disability experience multiple stressors relating directly or indirectly to the presence of a child with disability in the family.

    “many parents of children with intellectual disability experience multiple stressors relating directly or indirectly to the presence of a child with disability in the family (Emerson 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Emerson 2007 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multiply-stressed parents are often not able to focus adequate attention on their children with challenging behaviours and may then be prone to over-general and overly-negative cognitions about their child, that in turn, drive ineffective parenting.

    “Thus, multiply-stressed parents are often not able to focus adequate attention on their children with challenging behaviours and may then be prone to over-general and overly-negative cognitions about their child, that in turn, drive ineffective parenting.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Avoidant coping strategies have been associated with psychological distress.

    “whereas avoidant coping strategies have been associated with psychological distress (Hastings et al. 2005a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hastings et al. 2005a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Lack of success and continued difficulties with their children may also then feed back to further reduce parental well-being.

    “Lack of success and continued difficulties with their children may also then feed back to further reduce parental well-being.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Negative appraisal and negative thinking have been shown to predict father psychological distress and lower self-esteem.

    “Negative appraisal and negative thinking have been shown to predict father psychological distress and lower self-esteem (Saloviita et al. 2003;Trute et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Saloviita et al. 2003 source
    • cites Trute et al. 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Acceptance and mindful approaches are different in orientation from traditional cognitive behavioural methods.

    “Acceptance and mindful approaches are different in orientation from traditional cognitive behavioural methods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Stressors also include a lack of social support.

    “a lack of social support (White & Hastings 2004)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites White & Hastings 2004 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Wahler & Dumas (1989) argue that multiply-stressed parents do not necessarily lack appropriate parenting knowledge or skills but their psychological resources are directed towards, or drained by, other life stresses.

    “These authors argue that multiply-stressed parents do not necessarily lack appropriate parenting knowledge or skills but their psychological resources are directed towards, or drained by, other life stresses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wahler & Dumas (1989) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    Previous research with mothers of children with intellectual disabilities has shown that psychological acceptance is related to maternal psychological wellbeing.

    “Previous research with mothers of children with intellectual disabilities has shown that psychological acceptance is related to maternal psychological wellbeing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Stressors also include living in poverty or social exclusion.

    “Stressors also include living in poverty or social exclusion (Emerson et al. 2006)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Emerson et al. 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Evidence for CBT interventions to reduce distress in fathers of children with intellectual disabilities was described as 'promising' in a recent meta-analytic review.

    “the evidence for cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) interventions to reduce distress in fathers of children with intellectual disabilities was described as 'promising' in a recent meta-analytic review (Singer et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Singer et al. 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stressors also include either no partner present or a partner who also has considerable mental health needs.

    “and either no partner present or a partner who also has considerable mental health needs (Hastings 2003;Hastings et al. 2005b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hastings 2003 source
    • cites Hastings et al. 2005b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dumas (2005) has argued that mindfulness-based interventions hold significant promise as a way of training parents to attend to their child and more generally as a means of maintaining contact with the present moment.

    “Following on from this theoretical model, Dumas (2005) has argued that mindfulness-based interventions hold significant promise as a way of training parents to attend to their child and more generally as a means of maintaining contact with the present moment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dumas (2005) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    These processes of increased acceptance of uncomfortable thoughts and emotions and thus decreased avoidance may be particularly useful for parents under stress.

    “These processes of increased acceptance of uncomfortable thoughts and emotions and thus decreased avoidance may be particularly useful for parents under stress (Murrell et al. 2004;Dumas 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Murrell et al. 2004 source
    • cites Dumas 2005 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Acceptance and mindful approaches do not focus on changing cognitions, but instead encourage staying with or accepting uncomfortable thoughts and emotions and paying attention in the present moment.

    “They do not focus on changing cognitions, but instead encourage staying with or accepting uncomfortable thoughts and emotions and paying attention in the present moment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Problem focused coping has been associated with more positive well-being including relationship adjustment with one's partner.

    “Typically, problem focused coping has been associated with more positive well-being including relationship adjustment with one's partner (Stoneman & Gavidia-Payne 2006)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stoneman & Gavidia-Payne 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mothers report increased adjustment problems compared to fathers.

    “Research findings in such studies are typically that mothers report increased adjustment problems compared to fathers (Bristol et al. 1988;Sloper et al. 1991;Heller et al. 1997;Hastings & Brown 2002)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bristol et al. 1988 source
    • cites Sloper et al. 1991 source
    • cites Heller et al. 1997 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Use of coping strategies has been related to paternal psychological well-being both within short longitudinal designs and when assessing day-to-day stress using diary methods.

    “In addition, use of coping strategies has been related to paternal psychological well-being both within short longitudinal designs (Glidden et al. 2006) and when assessing day-to-day stress using diary methods (Pottie & Ingram 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Glidden et al. 2006 source
    • cites Pottie & Ingram 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Parents report that accepting their child and his/her disability has helped them to adjust positively to their situation.

    “For example, parents report that accepting their child and his ⁄ her disability has helped them to adjust positively to their situation (e.g.Heiman 2002)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Heiman 2002 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Research with children with intellectual disability suggests that good levels of reliability are maintained for the SDQ.

    “Research with children with intellectual disability suggests that good levels of reliability are maintained (Beck et al. 2004a,b;Emerson 2005;Hastings et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Beck et al. 2004a,b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Emerson 2005 source
    • cites Hastings et al. 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Fathers provided data on their own psychological functioning and on their child's behaviour problems (source variance).

    “Fathers provided data on their own psychological functioning and on their child's behaviour problems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Scores of 11 or higher on each sub-scale of the HADS are recognized to suggest moderate to severe anxiety or depression.

    “Scores of 11 or higher on each sub-scale of the HADS are recognized to suggest moderate to severe anxiety or depression (Crawford et al. 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crawford et al. 2001 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The AAQ-II correlates 0.82 with the AAQ.

    “The AAQ-II correlates 0.82 with the AAQ(Bond et al. submitted).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bond et al. submitted

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    In the present study, a Cronbach's alpha co-efficient for the total positive gain score of 0.80 was obtained.

    “In the present study, a Cronbach's alpha co-efficient for the total positive gain score of 0.80 was also obtained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There is a lack of evidence that key processes such as acceptance play a role in parental adjustment.

    “Despite this relevant theoretical development, there is a lack of evidence that key processes such as acceptance play a role in parental adjustment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The data are cross-sectional only and thus no temporal precedence has been established.

    “our data are cross-sectional only and thus no temporal precedence has been established.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    A social worker in each service reviewed the list of potential participants to identify fathers known to be under considerable stress or who had poor literacy, and no such problems were identified.

    “A social worker in each service then reviewed the list of potential participants to identify fathers known to be under considerable stress or who had poor literacy.No such problems were identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal consistency of the acceptance measure was good and there is evidence of convergent validity from the relationships identified in the present research.

    “The internal consistency was good and there is evidence of convergent validity from the relationships identified in the present research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    Acceptance as a psychological process is different from the concept explored within existing research just described.

    “However, it is important to emphasize that acceptance as a psychological process is different from the concept explored within existing research just described.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Acceptance of the child and his/her disability has been perceived as a positive 'stage' of adjustment or a characteristic of positive family adjustment.

    “and acceptance of the child and his ⁄ her disability has been perceived as a positive 'stage' of adjustment or a characteristic of positive family adjustment (Blacher 1984;Juvonen & Leskinen 1994).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Blacher 1984
    • cites Juvonen & Leskinen 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All of the main regression analyses reported below were repeated with and without these 16 fathers and the overall pattern of findings was no different.

    “All of the main regression analyses reported below were repeated with and without these 16 fathers and, in fact, the overall pattern of findings was no different.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present findings for fathers may not generalize to mothers.

    “The present findings for fathers may not generalize to mothers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There were no previous directly relevant research studies that allowed predictions to be made about whether acceptance would act as a mediator to determine fathers' psychological distress.

    “However, there were no previous directly relevant research studies that allowed predictions to be made about whether acceptance would act as a mediator to determine fathers' psychological distress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Parametric and non-parametric correlations were conducted and the pattern of results was similar.

    “Parametric and non-parametric correlations were conducted and since the pattern of results was similar, the Pearson's correlations are reported here.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the present study, a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.88 was obtained for the anxiety scale, and 0.83 for the depression scale.

    “In the present study, a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.88 was obtained for the anxiety scale, and 0.83 for the depression scale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Previous research with mothers and fathers of children with developmental disability has shown that the HADS maintains good reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficients in excess of 0.80) within these populations.

    “Previous research with mothers and fathers of children with developmental disability has shown that the HADS maintains good reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficients in excess of 0.80) within these populations (Hastings 2003;Hastings et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hastings 2003 source
    • cites Hastings et al. 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A response rate of 27% was obtained.

    “Therefore, a response rate of 27% was obtained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Positive Gain Scale has face and content validity and a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.79 for parents of children with hydrocephalus and spina bifida.

    “Preliminary research findings indicated that the PGS has face and content validity and a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.79 for parents of children with hydrocephalus and spina bifida (Pit-ten Cate 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pit-ten Cate 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the Plant and Sanders randomized trial, adding a coping skills component to a parent behavioural training program was no more effective for child outcomes than parent behavioural training alone, and was slightly less successful.

    “Data from the Plant and Sanders randomized trial suggest that adding a coping skills component into a parent behavioural training program was no more effective in terms of child outcomes than parent behavioural training alonein fact the former approach was slightly less successful.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Plant & Sanders 2007 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Ethics review boards of the University and the three clinical services all approved the research.

    “Ethics review boards of the University and the three clinical services all approved the research”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Behavioural parent training may have positive effects on stress for mothers of children with intellectual disabilities but not for fathers.

    “behavioural parent training may have positive effects on stress for mothers of children with intellectual disabilities but not for fathers (Roberts et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Roberts et al. 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Due to an ethical requirement to maintain anonymity of participants to the research team it was not possible to obtain child IQ or adaptive behaviour data from the service records.

    “due to an ethical requirement to maintain anonymity of participants to the research team it was not possible to obtain child IQ or adaptive behaviour data from the service records.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    In the present study a Kuder-Richardson coefficient of 0.90 was obtained.

    “and in the present study a Kuder-Richardson coefficient of 0.90 was obtained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Histograms and normal probability plots were used to check for assumption of normal distribution of residuals for each regression, and a normal distribution of residuals was observed for all regression analyses.

    “Histograms and normal probability plots were used to check for assumption of normal distribution of residuals for each regression.A normal distribution of residuals was observed for all regression analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the present sample, a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 was obtained for the total difficulties score, and 0.85 for the prosocial behaviour scale.

    “In the present sample, a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 was obtained for the total difficulties score, and 0.85 for the prosocial behaviour scale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Lloyd & Hastings (2008) obtained a Kuder-Richardson co-efficient of 0.86 for a total score derived from the shortened 15-item scale.

    “Lloyd & Hastings (2008) obtained a Kuder-Richardson co-efficient of 0.86 for a total score derived from the shortened 15-item scale”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lloyd & Hastings (2008) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Lloyd & Hastings (2008) found strong cross-sectional relationships between acceptance and stress, anxiety and depression in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities.

    “one recent study (Lloyd & Hastings 2008) explored acceptance in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities and identified strong cross-sectional relationships with stress, anxiety and depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lloyd & Hastings 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The measure of psychological acceptance developed for this research is new and there is a lack of information about its psychometric properties.

    “the measure of psychological acceptance developed for this research is new and there is a lack of information about its psychometric properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Acceptance entered into bidirectional temporal relationships over 18 months with mothers' stress, anxiety and depression.

    “In addition, acceptance entered into bidirectional temporal relationships over 18 months with mothers' stress, anxiety and depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lloyd & Hastings 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The HADS has good agreement with other mental health measures such as the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale.

    “Research with various populations has also suggested that the HADS has good agreement with other mental health measures such as the 'Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression' scale (e.g.Katz et al. 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Katz et al. 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    The present data lend further support to the potential for behavioural parent training effects to be enhanced by pre-interventions or concurrent interventions that directly address parental psychological processes such as acceptance that relate to children's behaviour problems specifically.

    “The present data lend further support to the potential for behavioural parent training effects to be enhanced by pre-interventions or concurrent interventions that directly address parental psychological processes such as acceptance that relate to children's behaviour problems specifically.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Fathers and mothers of children with intellectual disabilities may have different parenting experiences and needs.

    “fathers and mothers of children with intellectual disabilities may have different parenting experiences and needs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
62 of 62

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The relationships among child behaviour problems, acceptance, and paternal distress are causally ordered as in the mediation model (child behaviour problems affect acceptance, which affects distress), despite the cross-sectional design.

    “These findings are consistent with acceptance serving a partial mediation function for the impact of child behaviour problems on fathers' psychological distress.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The adapted AAQ-Intellectual Disability Parent measure validly captures psychological acceptance in fathers of children with intellectual disability.

    “The adapted, eightitem scale 'AAQ-Intellectual Disability Parent' version (AAQ-intellectual disability) used in the present study yielded a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.80.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of 99 White Irish co-resident fathers is representative enough of fathers of children with intellectual disability for the mediation findings to generalize.

    “Therefore, to ensure greatest clarity in the reporting of results, only the analysis of the 99 White Irish co-resident fathers are reported.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mediation model's assumed causal ordering holds: child behaviour problems affect paternal adjustment through psychological acceptance.

    “our data are cross-sectional only and thus no temporal precedence has been established.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The measure of psychological acceptance developed for this research validly measures psychological acceptance.

    “the measure of psychological acceptance developed for this research is new and there is a lack of information about its psychometric properties.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fathers' self-reports of their own psychological functioning and of their child's behaviour problems are accurate.

    “Fathers provided data on their own psychological functioning and on their child's behaviour problems.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics that don’t add up

Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.

  • Inconsistent p-value: t(82) = 2.44, p = .019

    Minor

    The paper reports p = .019 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .017 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p = .019 · recomputed p = .017

1 of 1

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Doesn’t add upt(82) = 2.44reported p = .019 · recomputed p = .017

    “t(82) = 2.44, p = .019”

  • Consistentt(11) = 2.76reported p = .018 · recomputed p = .019

    “t(11) = 2.76, p = .018”

  • Consistentt(97) = 2.74reported p = .007 · recomputed p = .007

    “t(97) = 2.74, p = .007”

  • Consistentt(97) = 2.39reported p = .019 · recomputed p = .019

    “t(97) = 2.39, p = .019”

  • ConsistentF(2, 96) = 14.62reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F (2, 96) = 14.62,p < .001”

  • Consistentz = 2.78reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .005

    “(z = 2.78, p = .005”

  • Consistentz = 3.07reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002

    “(z = 3.07, p = .002”

  • Consistentz = 2.47reported p = .013 · recomputed p = .014

    “(z = 2.47, p = .013”

8 of 8

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Achenbach T. M, 1991, Manual for the Child Behaviour Checklist
  2. Hastings R. P., 2008, Autism: An Integrated View, 303
  3. Juvonen J., 1994, The function of onset and offset responsibility perceptions in fathers’ and mothers’ adjustment to their child’s developmental disability, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 349
  4. Pit‐ten Cate I, 2003, Positive Gain in Mothers of Children with Physical Disabilities

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
MacDonald, E. E., Hastings, R. P., & Fitzsimons, E.
Affiliations
  • St Michael’s Hospital (IE)
  • Bangor University (GB)
ORCID
Hastings, Richard P.
Venue
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2009-12-29
Volume
23
Issue
1
Pages
27-37
ISSN
  • 0952-9608 (ISSN-L)
  • 1360-2322
  • 1468-3148
DOI
10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00546.x
OpenAlex
W2094095306
Cited by
101
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 2
FWCI
4.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Keywords
psychological acceptance, fathers, intellectual disability, child behavior problems, paternal stress, paternal anxiety, paternal depression, mediation, acceptance-based interventions, mindfulness-based interventions, parental well-being

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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