Cited by 176Attachment and Relationship DynamicsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

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Parental recall, attachment relating and self‐attacking/self‐reassurance: Their relationship with depression

Irons, C., Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M.W., Baccus, J. R., Palmer, M.·2006·British Journal of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1348/014466505x68230

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Abstract

Objectives When things go wrong for people they can become self-critical or focus on positive, reassuring aspects of the self. This study explored the relationship between forms of self-criticism and self-reassurance, recall of parental experiences and attachment style in relation to depressed symptoms in students. Methods A sample of 197 undergraduate students from the UK and Canada completed self-report questionnaires measuring recall of parental styles, attachment, forms of self-criticism, self-reassurance, and depression symptoms. Results Recall of parents as rejecting and overprotecting was significantly related to both inadequacy and self-hating self-criticism. In contrast, parental warmth was negatively correlated with these forms of self-criticism. In addition, when things go wrong for the person, recall of parental warmth was associated with the ability to be self-reassuring. A mediator analysis suggested that (I) the impact of recall of negative parenting on depression is mediated through the forms of self-criticism and (2) the effect of parental warmth on depression was mediated by the ability to be self-reassuring. Conclusions The impacts of negative parenting styles may translate into vulnerabilities to depression via the way children (and later adults) develop their self-to-self relating (e.g. as self-critical versus self-reassuring). Hence, there is a need for further research on the link between attachment experiences, recall of parental rejection/warmth and t…

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Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself
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Can dimensions of parenting style contribute to self-compassion among South African adolescents?
Dakers, J., & Guse, T. (2020) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2020.1852951 · Cited by 21
“High parental rejection, overprotection and low parental warmth predicted low self-compassion (Irons et al., 2006; Pepping et al., 2015; Potter et al., 2014).”
Background
The Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale for adolescents: Cross‐Sample Validation of the Complete and Brief Versions
Vagos, P., da Silva, D. R., Brazão, N., Rijo, D., & Gilbert, P. (2016) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2059 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Born after infant loss: The experiences of subsequent children
Warland, J., O’Leary, J. M., & McCutcheon, H. (2010) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.06.019 · Cited by 23
“Research in the area of mental health has consistently shown that both an overprotective parenting style and poor parent/child affectional bonds impact on children’s later mental health (Irons et al., 2006).”
Influence of Family and Childhood Memories in the Development and Manifestation of Paranoid Ideation
Carvalho, C. B., da Motta, C., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Peixoto, E. B. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1965 · Cited by 24
The use of early recollections as a narrative aid in psychotherapy
Androutsopoulou, A. (2013) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2013.814086 · Cited by 14
“It was previously mentioned that Mayman (1968) saw early recollection themes not only as enduring but also as central, affecting relationships 314 A.”
Background
Life hassles and delusional ideation: Scoping the potential role of cognitive and affective mediators
Kingston, C., & Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J. B. (2016) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12089 · Cited by 12
Abuse and dysfunctional affiliations in childhood: an exploration of their impact on voice-hearers’ appraisals of power and expressed emotion
Connor, C., & Birchwood, M. (2012) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2011.630745 · Cited by 17
“Affiliations in which the self is perceived as low rank or emotionally unsupported by key caregivers are believed to contribute to self-critical cognitions, (internal shame), and future expectations of negative evaluation from others (external shame) (Irons, Gilbert, Baldwin, Baccus, & Palmer, 2006 ; Richter, Gilbert,…”
BackgroundResult
Self-criticism and attachment: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rogier, G., Muzi, S., Morganti, W., & Pace, C. S. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112359 · Cited by 19
Childhood maltreatment and self‐hatred as distinguishing characteristics of psychiatric patients with self‐harm: A comparison with clinical and healthy controls
NILSSON, M. H. L., Lundh, L., & Westling, S. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2744 · Cited by 23
“Specifically, earlier studies have established that CM could lead to self-criticism in adulthood (Irons et al., 2006; Sachs-Ericsson et al., 2006; Wright et al., 2009).”
Background
Receiving support, giving support, and self-reassurance: A daily diary test of social mentality theory
Hermanto, N., Zuroff, D. C., Kelly, A. C., & Leybman, M. J. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.013 · Cited by 16
Self-reassurance and self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts predict depression, anxiety, and perceived stress in help-seeking female family caregivers
Arenella, K., & Steffen, A. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219000565 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, self-reassurance has been found to be more highly correlated to depression symptoms than other components of the full scale (Irons et al., 2006).”
Background
Early memories of warmth and safeness and eating psychopathology: The mediating role of social safeness and body appreciation
Oliveira, S., Ferreira, C., & Mendes, A. L. (2017) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_59-2_3 · Cited by 15
Adult attachment insecurity and dyadic adjustment: The mediating role of self‐criticism
Martins, T., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2015) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12055 · Cited by 17
The Effects of Self-Criticism and Self-Compassion on Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Gao, Y., Liu, X., Liu, J., & Wang, H. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s417258 · Cited by 16
Parental socialization of emotion and depression in adulthood: The role of attitudes toward sadness
Boucher, M.-È., Lecours, S., Philippe, F. L., & Arseneault, S. (2013) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.11.003 · Cited by 14
A thematic analysis of compassion‐focused imagery for people with personality disorder: Inhibitors, facilitators and clinical recommendations
Naismith, I., Kerr, S. L., Mwale, A. L., & Feigenbaum, J. (2019) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12180 · Cited by 17
“This reflects findings that low self-compassion and self-reassurance are uniquely predicted by lack of warmth in childhood rather than maltreatment or invalidation (Irons et al. 2006; Kelly & Dupasquier, 2016; Naismith, Zarate-Guerrero & Feigenbaum, 2019; Richter et al., 2009).”
Background
Early life experiences and self-compassion: a structural equation modelling / Experiencias en la vida temprana y autocompasión: un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales
Satıcı, S., Uysal, R., & Akin, A. (2015) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2015.1026123 · Cited by 13
Early Emotional Experiences and Prosocial Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: The Roles of Psychological Suzhi and Subjective Socioeconomic Status
Liu, X., Cao, G., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Shi, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Y., & Yin, H. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13040283 · Cited by 11
The Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale: Dimensionality and Measurement Invariance
Capinha, M., Matos, M., Pereira, M., de Matos, M. A. V., & Rijo, D. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.033 · Cited by 23
Experimentally enhancing self-compassion: Moderating effects of trait care-seeking and perceived stress
Hermanto, N., & Zuroff, D. C. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1365162 · Cited by 13
Women pregnant after previous perinatal loss: relationships between adult attachment, shame, and prenatal psychological outcomes
Caldwell, J. M., Meredith, P. J., Whittingham, K., Ziviani, J. M., & Wilson, T. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2180142 · Cited by 16
“Second, the finding that psychological distress was not significantly correlated with shame, self-blame, attachment styles, or perinatal grief is inconsistent with expectations and with previous research, particularly for the relationship between shame and depression (Irons et al., 2006).”
Result
An exploration of relationship between self‐compassion and voice‐related distress in people who hear voices
Norman, D., Correia, H., & Paulik, G. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22975 · Cited by 11
Development of a measure for the assessment of peer‐related positive emotional memories
Ferreira, C., Cunha, M., Marta-Simões, J., Duarte, C., Matos, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2018) · Psychology and psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/papt.12146 · Cited by 10
Defensive Responses to Early Memories with Peers: a Possible Pathway to Disordered Eating
Ferreira, C., Marta-Simões, J., & Trindade, I. A. (2016) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.45 · Cited by 10
Recalled Parenting Practices and Psychological Distress in Turkish Emerging Adults: The Role of Self-Criticism
Özdemir, Y., & Sağkal, A. S. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118798623 · Cited by 12
“and control are linked with self-criticism (Irons et al., 2006), parental warmth”
Background
Development of a structure-validated Family Relationship Questionnaire (FRQ) with Chinese university students
Chen, L., Xu, K., Fu, L., Xu, S., Gao, Q., & Wang, W. (2015) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2015.79.3.232 · Cited by 9
(Self)tainted love: Shame and self-criticism as self-discriminatory processes underlying psychological suffering in sexual minority individuals
Seabra, D., Carvalho, S. A., Gato, J., Petrocchi, N., & Salvador, M. D. C. (2024) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2024.2333777 · Cited by 11
“Thus, self-criticism may be a learned behavior stemming from the internalization of others´ critical responses to one´s characteristics perceived as socially undesirable and/or reprehensible (Irons et al., 2006; Koestner et al., 1991).”
Earliest Memories, Positive Emotional Memories of Warmth and Safeness, and Attachment Style in Adolescent
Tahirović, S., & Jusic, M. (2016) · doi:10.21533/epiphany.v9i1.211 · Cited by 8
“…warmth is positively D O I: 10 .2 15 33 /e pi ph an y. v9 i1 .2 11 S. Tahirović Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, (2016) © Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences associated with ability to be self-reassuring and self-soothing in stressful situation (Irons et al, 2006).”
Background
Asian-American College Students' Parental Attachment and Their Relationship with God
Shin, H. (2009) · Christian Education Journal Research on Educational Ministry · doi:10.1177/073989130900600212 · Cited by 8
The Enhancing Role of Emotion Regulation in the Links between Early Positive Memories and Self-harm and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescence
Carvalho, C. B., Teixeira, M., Costa, R., Cordeiro, F., & Cabral, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01777-8 · Cited by 9
“Indeed, the recall of parental warmth is positively linked with the ability to be self-reassuring and self-soothing in stressful situations (Irons et al., 2006), an adaptive emotion regulation process (Marta-Simões et al., 2017).”
Background
Validating the Diathesis–Stress Model Based Case Conceptualization Procedure in Cognitive Behavioral Therapies: The LIBET (Life Themes and Semi-Adaptive Plans—Implications of Biased Beliefs, Elicitation and Treatment) Procedure
Sassaroli, S., Caselli, G., Mansueto, G., Palmieri, S., Pepe, A., Veronese, G., & Ruggiero, G. M. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00421-3 · Cited by 7
“The third cluster primarily concerns shame and guilt (Brewin et al., 1992; Huprich, 2003; Irons et al., 2006; Kawamura et al., 2001; Vieth & Trull, 1999), linked to a life theme of feeling unworthy/inadequate, where there is a severely critical, controlling and oppressive relational style and…”
Background
Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of forms of self-criticizing/attacking and self-reassuring scale (FSCRS) in clinical and non-clinical samples
Bellur, Z., Alpay, E. H., & Aydin, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01408-0 · Cited by 7
Parenting Among Mothers With Bipolar Disorder: Children's Perspectives
Venkataraman, M. (2011) · Journal of Family Social Work · doi:10.1080/10522158.2011.553781 · Cited by 7
“Insecure attachment between mother and child is another problem in parenting that can increase risk of academic, behavioral, and emotional problems in children (Irons, Gilbert, Baldwin, Baccus, & Palmer, 2006 ; Perry, 2009 ).”
Background
Differences in Guided Imagery between High and Low Self-Critical Participants: Consensual Qualitative Research Analysis
Halamová, J., Koróniová, J., & Baránková, M. (2019) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2019.3891 · Cited by 8
Perceived Parenting Style and Adolescent Self-Compassion: A Longitudinal, Within-Person Approach
Kaufmann, S., Ciarrochi, J., Yap, K., & Fraser, M. I. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02232-2 · Cited by 10
“…a study that explored attachment experiences, self-criticism, and self-reassurance found that recall of parental rejection and overprotection was associated with higher self-criticism, and recall of parental warmth was associated with self-reassurance in times of distress (Irons et al., 2006).”
Non-suicidal self-injury in a college sample: Intrapersonal and family factors
Tseng, Y. C., & Ditchman, N. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2209206 · Cited by 8
“32,39,63,64 Although typically less cited, such results highlight the importance of previous findings 65 that self-criticism plays a role in the risk for psychopathology and underscore the importance of extending this to include self-harming behaviors, such as NSSI.”
Exposure to Criticism Modulates Left but Not Right Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Healthy Adolescents: Individual Influences of Perceived and Self-Criticism
Bonduelle, S. L. B., Chen, Q., Wu, G., Braet, C., Raedt, R. D., & Baeken, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.673805 · Cited by 7
The Impact of the Early Caregiving Environment on Self-Compassion: the Mediating Effects of Emotion Regulation and Shame
Dragan, N., Kamptner, L., & Riggs, M. L. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01634-4 · Cited by 9
“…and remain in the present moment (Baer et al. 2006), internalize caregiver responsiveness and be kind to themselves in difficult situations (Irons et al. 2006; Mikulincer and Shaver 2004), and perceive similarities between themselves and others regardless of their emotional state…”
Background
Sexual orientation moderates the association between parental overprotection and stress biomarker profiles
Cook, S., Pruessner, J. C., LUPIEN, S. J., & Juster, R. (2018) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2018.1470105 · Cited by 7
Kindness toward One’s Self and Body: Exploring Mediational Pathways between Early Memories and Disordered Eating
Ferreira, C., Oliveira, S., & Mendes, A. L. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.50 · Cited by 6
Affiliative interactions and body and eating-related difficulties in adolescent girls: The effects of fears of compassion and feelings of social safeness
Mendes, A. L., Canavarro, M. C., & Ferreira, C. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105715 · Cited by 5

Authors: Irons, C., Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M. W., Baccus, J. R., & Palmer, M.
Corresponding author: Gilbert, P.
ORCID: Irons, C.
Gilbert, P.
Venue: British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-09
Volume: 45
Issue: 3
Pages: 297-308
ISSN: 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
2044-8260
DOI: 10.1348/014466505x68230
OpenAlex: W2161353780
Cited by: 176
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 3.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1575 d)
Locations: British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords: parental recall, attachment styles, self-criticism, self-reassurance, depressive symptoms, parental rejection, parental warmth, parental overprotection, undergraduate students, mediation
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Child, Child Rearing, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Object Attachment, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mental Recall, Rejection, Psychology, Risk Factors, Self Care, Self Concept, Parenting

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Parental recall, attachment relating and self‐attacking/self‐reassurance: Their relationship with depression

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