Compassion
Abstract
Part I: Conceptualisations and Research. Gilbert, Introduction and Outline. Gilbert, Compassion and Cruelty: A Biopsychosocial Approach. Wang, A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Research Related to the Physiology of Compassion and the Wisdom of Buddhist Teachings. Gillath, Shaver, Mikulincer, An Attachment-theoretical Approach to Compassion and Altruism. Bierhoff, The Psychology of Compassion and Prosocial Behaviour. Worthington Jr., O' Connor, Berry, Sharp, Murray, Yi, Compassion and Forgiveness: Implications for Psychotherapy. Part II: Compassion and Use in Psychotherapy. Leahy, A Social-cognitive Model of Validation. Rinpoche, Mullen, The Buddhist Use of Compassionate Imagery in Mind Healing. Allen, Knight, Mindfulness, Compassion for Self, and Compassion for Others: Implications for Understanding the Psychopathology and Treatment of Depression. Gilbert, Irons, Focused Therapies and Compassionate Mind Training for Shame and Self-attacking. Lee, The Perfect Nurturer: A Model to Develop a Compassionate Mind Within the Context of Cognitive Therapy. Hackman, Compassionate Imagery in the Treatment of Early Memories in Axis I Anxiety Disorders. Bates, The Expression of Compassion in Group Cognitive Therapy.
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Self-compassion is associated with early experiences of care with attachment figures.
“It has been suggested that the development of self-compassion is associated with early experiences of care with attachment figures (Gilbert, 2005; Gilbert & Procter, 2006; Neff & Beretvas, 2012; Neff & McGehee, 2010).”
From Exploring the link between maternal attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and mindful parenting: The mediating role of self-compassion. (2016) · cites this paper as Gilbert, 2005
Self-compassion can be difficult or resisted in relation to aspects of ourselves we feel ashamed of.
“In relation to aspects of our selves we feel ashamed of, self-compassion, can be difficult or resisted [38, 48].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [38]
By the arrival of homo sapiens, evolution had given rise to a range of socially intelligent competencies that are important for both engagement and taking action to address and prevent suffering in self and others.
“By the arrival of homo sapiens , evolution had given rise to a range of socially intelligent competencies that are important for both engagement and taking action to address and prevent suffering in self and others [38, 45].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [38]
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Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.702 · Cited by 2,997 · see citing works
A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21923 · Cited by 2,253 · see citing works
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.507 · Cited by 1,822 · see citing works
“In that context they become highly, social rank focused, especially on the power of others to control, hurt or reject them (Gilbert, 2005a; Irons & Gilbert, 2005; Sloman, Gilbert, & Hasey, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLeary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887 · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works
Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
“Gilbert (2005) suggests that self-compassion enhances well-being because it helps individuals to feel cared for, connected, and emotionally calm.”
BackgroundThe origins and nature of compassion focused therapy
Gilbert, P. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12043 · Cited by 1,593 · see citing works
Introducing compassion-focused therapy
Gilbert, P. (2009) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264 · Cited by 1,435 · see citing works
Self‐Compassion Versus Global Self‐Esteem: Two Different Ways of Relating to Oneself
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Self-compassion and Psychological Resilience Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860902979307 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Self‐Compassion, Self‐Esteem, and Well‐Being
Neff, K. D. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608310x526511 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention
Neff, K. D. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Self-Compassion: Conceptualizations, Correlates, & Interventions
Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025754 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
“Self-kindness involves extending forgiveness, empathy, sensitivity, warmth, and patience to all aspects of oneself including all of ones actions, feelings, thoughts, and impulses (Gilbert & Irons, 2005; Neff, 2003a).”
BackgroundThe Self-Compassion Scale is a Valid and Theoretically Coherent Measure of Self-Compassion
Neff, K. D. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Self‐Compassion, Stress, and Coping
Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life.
Wong, P. (2011) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0022511 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
“Virtue research incorporates several lines of mainstream research, such as moral development (Gilligan, 1977; Kohlberg, 1981; Walker, 1989), prosocial behaviour (Clark, 1991), and compassion (Gilbert, 2005, 2009).”
BackgroundNeff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2011.649546 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Self-Compassion: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Relates to Mindfulness
Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015) · Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_10 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Sinclair, S., Beamer, K., Hack, T. F., McClement, S., Bouchal, S. R., Chochinov, H. M., & Hagen, N. A. (2016) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216316663499 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Clinical handbook of mindfulness
(2009) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others
Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Basran, J. (2017) · Journal of Compassionate Health Care · doi:10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Raes, F. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.023 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
“Self-compassion is a relatively new concept in the field of personality psychology (Neff, in press; also see Gilbert, 2005; Leary, Tate, Adams, Batts Allen, & Hancock, 2007).”
BackgroundCompassion: a scoping review of the healthcare literature
Sinclair, S., Norris, J. M., McConnell, S. J., Chochinov, H. M., Hack, T. F., Hagen, N. A., McClement, S., & Bouchal, S. R. (2016) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-016-0080-0 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
“The delivery of high quality compassionate care is also a significant patient reported outcome, which positively affects a patient’s perception of care and quality of life [9, 35, 53], while mitigating against patient complaints and malpractice suits [5, 106, 107].”
BackgroundInwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12127 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Enhancing Compassion: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Compassion Cultivation Training Program
Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, T., McGonigal, K. M., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E. R., Cullen, M., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9373-z · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., & Schwartz, E. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
“Buddhistinspired practices for cultivating compassion for self and others have been proposed by a number of authors as accessible methods to help alleviate psychological problems and improve well-being (Salzberg, 1995; Gilbert, 2005; Makransky, 2007; Germer, 2009; Hofmann et al., 2011; Ozawa-de Silva and Dodson-Lavell…”
BackgroundShort-term compassion training increases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game
Leiberg, S., Klimecki, O., & Singer, T. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017798 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Understanding cognitive behaviour therapy: A retrieval competition account
Brewin, C. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.02.005 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Raab, K. (2014) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2014.913876 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
“While deeply rooted in Buddhist teachings (Davidson & Harrington, 2002), the construct of a Western psychological view of self-compassion can be traced largely to the work of Paul Gilbert (2005, 2009), Kristin Neff (2003a, 2003b), and Christopher Germer (2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialHaving a word with yourself: neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance.
Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliff, H., & Rippon, G. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C. S., et al. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000629 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“For example, Social Mentality Theory (SMT; Gilbert, 1989, 2005) posits that self-compassion is a state of mind that emerges from mammalian bio-social roles involving caregiving and care-seeking, while self-criticism emerges from evolved social roles that protect us from social threats.”
BackgroundCognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults
Price, J. R., Mitchell, E., Tidy, E., & Hunot, V. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001027.pub2 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Neely, M. E., Schallert, D. L., Mohammed, S. S., Roberts, R. M., & Chen, Y.-J. (2009) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9119-8 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
“Gilbert (2005) theorized that the self-soothing features of self-compassionate thoughts”
BackgroundContemplative/emotion training reduces negative emotional behavior and promotes prosocial responses.
Kemeny, M. E., Foltz, C., Cavanagh, J. F., Cullen, M., Giese-Davis, J., Jennings, P., Rosenberg, E. L., Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Wallace, B. A., et al. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026118 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
“A set of tasks were designed to capture changes in compassion, a prosocial response that involves both recognizing that another person is suffering and being motivated to reduce the suffering (Gilbert, 2005).”
BackgroundThe benefits of self-compassion and optimism exercises for individuals vulnerable to depression
Shapira, L. B., & Mongrain, M. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.516763 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Trompetter, H. R., de Kleine, E., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9774-0 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Compassion: From Its Evolution to a Psychotherapy
Gilbert, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586161 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
“So, we can imagine interacting and communicating with our compassionate image (Lee, 2005; Gilbert, 2020a).”
BackgroundCompassion in Health Care: An Empirical Model
Sinclair, S., McClement, S., Raffin-Bouchal, S., Hack, T. F., Hagen, N. A., McConnell, S., & Chochinov, H. M. (2016) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.009 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have identified the central role of nonverbal communication in effective bedside clinical communication within health care delivery, including listening, presence, human relatedness, and creativity.(10,12,13,25,32,37,38) These often subtle, yet powerful elements of human communication have been found…”
BackgroundAn Introduction to Compassion Focused Therapy in Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Gilbert, P. (2010) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2010.3.2.97 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0507-y · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Finlay‐jones, A. L., Rees, C. S., & Kane, R. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133481 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Ferreira, C., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2013) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.005 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Castilho, P. (2016) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1974 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Behavioural activation for depression
Veale, D. (2008) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.004051 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“Compassionate mind training (CMT; Gilbert, 2005) is a newer development that can be integrated into behavioural activation with individuals who have chronic problems associated with shame, selfcriticism or selfattacking.”
Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self‐criticism
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J., & Matos, M. (2012) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02046.x · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Affective and physiological responses to the suffering of others: Compassion and vagal activity.
Stellar, J. E., Cohen, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000010 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“These findings add to a growing line of work supporting the claim that compassion is a distinct emotion (Gilbert, 2013; Goetz et al., 2010; Oveis et al., 2010).”
ResultNeff, K. D., Whittaker, T. A., & Karl, A. (2017) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1269334 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“Because social mentality theory (Gilbert, 2005) posits that self-compassion taps into the mammalian caregiving system (associated with the parasympathetic nervous system), whereas self-criticism taps into the threat defense system (associated with the sympathetic nervous system), Gilbert and…”
BackgroundLiotti, G., & Gilbert, P. (2010) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608310x520094 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Compassionate mind training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report
Mayhew, S. L., & Gilbert, P. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.566 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-Compassion: A Potential Resource for Young Women Athletes
Mosewich, A. D., Kowalski, K. C., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., & Tracy, J. L. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.1.103 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Boellinghaus, I., Jones, F. W., & Hutton, J. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0158-6 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Explorations into the nature and function of compassion
Gilbert, P. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.002 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Development and Psychometric Properties of the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales (SOCS)
Gu, J., Baer, R., Cavanagh, K., Kuyken, W., & Strauss, C. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119860911 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“Compassion is considered to be an innate, evolved capacity (Darwin, 1871; de Waal, 2009; Gilbert, 2005) and has long been emphasized to be a core human virtue in major contemplative and religious traditions (Dahlsgaard, Peterson, & Seligman, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-compassion and social anxiety disorder
Werner, K. H., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.608842 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self‐compassion training for binge eating disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Kelly, A. C., & Carter, J. C. (2015) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12044 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Two is more valid than one: Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS).
Brenner, R. E., Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L., & Credé, M. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000211 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Neff, K. D., Long, P., Knox, M. C., Davidson, O., Kuchar, A., Costigan, A., Williamson, Z., Rohleder, N., Tóth-Király, I., & Breines, J. G. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1436587 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Social Mentality Theory (SMT; Gilbert, 1989, 2005) posits that compassionate behavior is associated with parasympathetic nervous system activity and uncompassionate behavior with sympathetic activity.”
BackgroundTangney, J. P., Stuewig, J. B., & Martinez, A. G. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613508790 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Understanding compassion fatigue: understanding compassion
Ledoux, K. (2015) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12686 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Vettese, L. C., Dyer, C. E., Li, W. L., & Wekerle, C. (2011) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-011-9340-7 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Bellew, R., Mills, A., & Gale, C. (2009) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608308x379806 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
The Effect of Self-Compassion on the Development of Depression Symptoms in a Non-clinical Sample
Raes, F. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0040-y · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Castilho, P., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22187 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“Standing from a different perspective, based on evolutionary psychology, neurobiology, and attachment theory, Gilbert (1989, 2005) suggests that the experience of self-compassion activates in the individual the same neurophysiological mechanisms that are activated when the individual is the…”
BackgroundCan Gratitude and Kindness Interventions Enhance Well-Being in a Clinical Sample?
Kerr, S. L., O’Donovan, A., & Pepping, C. A. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9492-1 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self‐harm in a mixed clinical population: The roles of self‐criticism, shame, and social rank
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Irons, C., Bhundia, R., Christie, R., Broomhead, C., & Rockliff, H. (2010) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466509x479771 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Rescripting early memories linked to negative images in social phobia: A pilot study
Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.04.003 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The Evolution and Social Dynamics of Compassion
Gilbert, P. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12176 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Craig, C., Hiskey, S., & Spector, A. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1746184 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Their intervention was based upon Gilbert’s [27] ‘Manual of Compassionate Mind Training,’ covering the treatment rationale, psychoeducation on self-criticism, compassion, and self-compassion.”
MethodMatos, M., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2009) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.659 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Duarte, C., Matos, M., & Fráguas, S. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1838 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Mindfulness, Eating Behaviours, and Obesity: A Review and Reflection on Current Findings
Mantzios, M., & Wilson, J. C. (2015) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0131-x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Indeed, being more compassionate [38], especially with oneself [39], improves mindfulness practice.”
BackgroundLaithwaite, H., O'Hanlon, M., Collins, P., Doyle, P., Abraham, L., Porter, S., & Gumley, A. I. (2009) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465809990233 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“In social mentality theory (Gilbert, 1989, 2001, 2005) the interplay in social situations between emotional, motivational, cognitive, and behavioural processes is conceptualized as reflectioning underlying evolutionary derived systems that shape relationships between the self and others.”
BackgroundMagnus, C. M. R., Kowalski, K. C., & McHugh, T.-L. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860903135073 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Kelly, A. C., Carter, J. C., Zuroff, D. C., & Borairi, S. (2012) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.717310 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Gilbert (2005) proposed that the antidote to shame is self-compassion.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effect of shame and shame memories on paranoid ideation and social anxiety
Matos, M., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Gilbert, P. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1766 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Practicing Compassion Increases Happiness and Self-Esteem
Mongrain, M., Chin, J. M., & Shapira, L. B. (2011) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9239-1 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Gayner, B., Esplen, M. J., DeRoche, P., Wong, J., Bishop, S., Kavanagh, L., & Butler, K. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9350-8 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., & Shapira, L. B. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9202-1 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“…individuals engaged in CMT. Participants were told that their letter should try to reflect the following competencies of compassion enumerated by Gilbert (2005): (1) compassion towards yourself; (2) empathy toward your own distress; (3) sympathy for your own distress; (4) reminders to yourself…”
BackgroundInfluentialWho Benefits from Training in Self-Compassionate Self-Regulation? A Study of Smoking Reduction
Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., Foa, C. L., & Gilbert, P. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.7.727 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The effect of self-compassion on the self-regulation of health behaviors: A systematic review
Biber, D. D., & Ellis, R. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317713361 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Irons, C., Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M. W., Baccus, J. R., & Palmer, M. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x68230 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
When the present visits the past: Updating traumatic memories in social phobia
Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.003 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Kelly, A. C., Carter, J. C., & Borairi, S. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22196 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“Self-compassion has been defined as an attitude of kindness and acceptance toward one’s personal distress and disappointments.(3,19) When individuals endure early experiences of abuse, criticism, or neglect, or simply have little encounter with warmth and support, they become much more prone toward self-criticism at t…”
InfluentialAn exploration of group compassion‐focused therapy for personality disorder
Lucre, K., & Corten, N. (2012) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02068.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Koval, P., & Kuppens, P. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024756 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“In line with this view, a heightened concern with social evaluation is an important feature of depressive phenomenology (Gilbert, 1992), and depressive states are often preceded, or prolonged, by the experience of interpersonal loss or rejection (Allen & Knight, 2005).”
BackgroundDunn, B. D. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1799 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“More recently, compassion-based approaches also emphasize the importance of building positive affect (Gilbert, 2005).”
BackgroundMuris, P., Meesters, C. M. G., Pierik, A., & de Kock, B. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0235-2 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Matos, M. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1689 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-compassion, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review
Winders, S., Murphy, O., Looney, K., & O'Reilly, G. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2429 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Gilbert's model of compassion was developed from social mentalities theory, evolutionary theory, and attachment theory (Gilbert, 2005, 2009a) and proposes three evolved emotion systems, threat, drive, and soothing, that interact and regulate one another (Gilbert, 2014b).”
BackgroundShame, self-criticism, and self-compassion in adolescence
Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2008) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511551963.011 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“In a group of adolescents, Irons & Gilbert (2005) found that secure attachment was associated with favorable social comparison, whereas both avoidant and ambivalent attachment were associated with making unfavorable comparisons of self to others.”
BackgroundInfluentialPetrocchi, N., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2015) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1095794 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“…defined as an integrated system of believes, emotions, and attitudes that people might have toward themselves in response to failures or setbacks (Gilbert, 2005). research has shown that we respond to our own attacks with the same response systems that we use to face external attacks and threats…”
BackgroundMuris, P., & Otgaar, H. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01363-0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T., Höfer, S., & Schüssler, G. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.013 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Richardson, M., McEwan, K., Maratos, F., & Sheffield, D. (2016) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-016-0065-5 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Gilbert (2005, 2014) attempted to assimilate such research from these varied approaches to emotion regulation into an accessible model.”
BackgroundPepping, C., Davis, P. J., O’Donovan, A., & Pal, J. (2015) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2014.955050 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Gilbert (2005, 2009) argue that humans are motivated to, amongst other things, form social attachments, and these motives in turn influence attention, cognitions, and behavior.”
BackgroundA daily diary study of self-compassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college students
Kelly, A. C., & Stephen, E. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.006 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“…to tone down threat centers in the brain responsible for threat-focused attention, feelings, and behaviors (Depue & Morrone-Strupinsky, 2005; Gilbert, 2005; LeDoux, 1998); this process might help to explain why on days when participants were more self-compassion, they exhibited less dietary…”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat Can Virtual Reality Teach Us About Prosocial Tendencies in Real and Virtual Environments?
Gillath, O., McCall, C., Shaver, P. R., & Blascovich, J. (2008) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213260801906489 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Empathy and altruism have been studied by personality and social researchers for some time (e.g., Batson, 1998; Gilbert, 2005; Penner, Dovidio, Piliavin, & Schroeder, 2005; Rudolph, Roesch, Greitemeyer, & Weiner, 2004).”
BackgroundFinlay‐jones, A. L. (2017) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12131 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“…and/or high self-criticism are predisposed to experiencing higher levels of threat-based negative affect such as fear and shame, due to hyper-activation of threat-based affective systems, and relative inactivity of affective systems linked to affiliation and soothing (Gilbert, 2005b).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion Regulation in Adolescent Well-Being and Positive Education
Morrish, L., Rickard, N. S., Chin, T., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9881-y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on 'compassion focused imagery'
Rockliff, H., Karl, A., McEwan, K., Gilbert, J., Matos, M., & Gilbert, P. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023861 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“It is therefore reasonable to suppose that oxytocin might provide an important adjunct to therapeutic interventions especially for those who struggle with affiliative behavior and emotion and can be wary of reassurance and compassion from others (Gilbert & Irons, 2005; Gilbert, McEwan, Matos & Rivis, in press).”
Background
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2005-07-05
- OpenAlex
- W1555010103
- Cited by
- 1,041
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 17.24
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- compassion, altruism, attachment theory, prosocial behavior, forgiveness, psychotherapy, Buddhist compassion, mindfulness, compassion for others, depression, shame, compassionate mind training, early memories, anxiety disorders, group cognitive therapy
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