Having a word with yourself: neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance.
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Self-criticism is strongly correlated with a range of psychopathologies, such as depression, eating disorders and anxiety. In contrast, self-reassurance is inversely associated with such psychopathologies. Despite the importance of self-judgements and evaluations, little is known about the neurophysiology of these internal processes. The current study therefore used a novel fMRI task to investigate the neuronal correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. Participants were presented statements describing two types of scenario, with the instruction to either imagine being self-critical or self-reassuring in that situation. One scenario type focused on a personal setback, mistake or failure, which would elicit negative emotions, whilst the second was of a matched neutral event. Self-criticism was associated with activity in lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions and dorsal anterior cingulate (dAC), therefore linking self-critical thinking to error processing and resolution, and also behavioural inhibition. Self-reassurance was associated with left temporal pole and insula activation, suggesting that efforts to be self-reassuring engage similar regions to expressing compassion and empathy towards others. Additionally, we found a dorsal/ventral PFC divide between an individual's tendency to be self-critical or self-reassuring. Using multiple regression analyses, dorsolateral PFC activity was positively correlated with high levels of self-criticism (assessed via self-report measure), suggesting greater error processing and behavioural inhibition in such individuals. Ventrolateral PFC activity was positively correlated with high self-reassurance. Our findings may have implications for the neural basis of a range of mood disorders that are characterised by a preoccupation with personal mistakes and failures, and a self-critical response to such events.
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Activation of ACC and insula is detected in self-related processing such as self-criticism and self-reassurance.
“the activation of ACC and insula was detected by neuroimaging studies in several self-related processing, such as self-criticism and self-reassurance (Longe et al., 2010).”
From Enhanced Resting-State Functional Connectivity With Decreased Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations of the Salience Network in Mindfulness Novices (2022) · cites this paper as Longe et al., 2010
Through voluntary cultivation of positive emotional states, people suffering from MDD may learn to foster self-compassion.
“Furthermore, through voluntary cultivation of positive emotional states [59], people suffering from MDD may learn to foster self-compassion.”
From Potential therapeutic effects of meditation for treating affective dysregulation (2014) · cites this paper as [59]
The physiological processes underpinning self-criticism and shame, compared to self-reassuring and caring, are associated with different brain systems.
“There is also evidence that the physiological processes underpinning selfcriticism and shame, compared to self-reassuring and caring, are associated with different brain systems [80].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
Positive and negative processing represent different processes.
“It also highlights again that positive and negative processing represent different processes [62, 80, 105, 117].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
Positive ways of relating to oneself, in contrast to threat or critical focused ways, have very different impacts on well-being and mental health, physiology and neurophysiology.
“This supports the growing awareness that positive ways of relating to oneself in contrast to threat or critical focused ways have very different impacts on well-being and mental health [47, 119], physiology [105] and neurophysiology [80].”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
The neurophysiology of self-criticism and self-compassion are quite different and link to depression in very different ways.
“Given that the neurophysiology of self-criticism and selfcompassion are quite different and link to depression in very different ways [80, 105]”
From The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliff, H., & Rippon, G.
- Affiliations
- Aston University (GB)
- University of Derby (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Longe, Olivia
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1849-1856
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2148636054
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lord Dowding Fund
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- self-criticism, self-reassurance, neural correlates, lateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, error processing, behavioral inhibition, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, self-judgment, mood disorders, depression, anxiety, eating disorders
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Humans, Imagination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Oxygen, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Self-Assessment, Self Concept, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
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