Using Focus Groups to Explore the Stressful Life Events of Black College Men
Open accessAbstract
Black students who attend predominately White institutions (PWI) face many obstacles. This study identified the stressful life events of Black college men via focus group discussions and examined how these events impact their mental health and health behaviors. Forty-six participants from a PWI and a historically Black college/university (HBCU) affirmed that they experience similar encounters with stressful life events, but participants at the PWI reported that their major stressors were the result of "school-related" events, while participants at the HBCU reported stressors that were not school-related. Findings from this study present implications for future health promotion programs that target Black college men.
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Black students at HBCUs may face more stressors from within-group interactions, family concerns, and limited financial resources than PWI peers.
“Black students attending HBCUs may also negotiate more stressors stemming from within-group interactions (e.g., social and relational functioning), familial concerns (e.g., guilt and pressure to meet high academic expectations), and limited financial resources resulting in fewer academic/professional opportunities (Palmer et al., 2010; Watkins et al., 2007) compared with their PWI peers.”
From Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students (2020) · cites this paper as Watkins et al., 2007
The Discussion and “Stressful Life Events” sections report that HBCU participants described supporting family members, earning money, and balancing school with work; the latter section’s Table 2 shows that lack of resources for advancement featured more prominently in HBCU discussions than PWI discussions. The paper does not establish that HBCU students faced more stressors overall, or specifically attribute their stress to within-group interactions, guilt over academic expectations, or fewer academic and professional opportunities caused by limited finances. The study also concerns Black college men, rather than Black students generally; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Buzzetto-More, N. A., & Quinn, K. (2025) · Trends in Higher Education · doi:10.3390/higheredu4030049 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“They explain that, as a result, Black students at HBCUs experience less structural racism than Black students at PWIs with increased social supports [56,57] and more positive student mental health outcomes [58].”
Ellis, J., Dromgold-Sermen, M. S., Atkins, K., Greer, C. D., Demetriou, C., & Panter, A. T. (2024) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859241293101 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These undergraduate experiences can induce racial stress that adversely affects this student population ’ s mental, physical, and emotional well-being (Greer & Brown, 2011; Smith et al., 2011; Watkins et al., 2007).”
Barriers to Group Psychotherapy for African-American College Students
Harris, A. L. (2012) · CORE Scholar (Wright State University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Depressive Symptomatology of Black College Men
Watkins, D. C. (2006) · Californian Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.32398/cjhp.v4i3.1970 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRichardson, T. W., Mudathir, D., Hossain, S., & Cheatham, L. P. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2025.2543920 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pelham, T., Pace, S. N., Savage, E. V., & Chapman‐Hilliard, C. (2025) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984251371513 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Hostile spaces are constructed to govern against the interests of marginalized communities (Watkins et al., 2007).”
Coping Strategies for Students of Color in a Predominantly White College: Voices from the Alumni.
Maina, F., Burrell, M. M., & Hampton, B. (2011) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Taylor, M. J., Austin, C. C., Perkins, J., & Edwards, J. L. (2012) · Advances in education in diverse communities · doi:10.1108/s1479-358x(2012)0000009015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“As a result, students may feel increased pressure to succeed, not only to disprove longstanding stereotypes, but also to fulfill a sense of obligation to themselves, their families, and the larger African American community (Watkins et al., 2007).”
BackgroundShow and tell: Learning with interactive videoconferencing in kindergarten
Piecka, D. C. B. (2008) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Matthews, K. A. (2012) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/mrtq-5282 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A participant in the Watkins et al. (2007) study disclosed that”
BackgroundInfluentialLamar, K. J. (2021) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Racial Microaggressions, Stress, and Depression in African Americans: Test of a Model
Roberts, J. R. (2013) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Multidimensional social support and parenting among Black fathers: A profile‐oriented approach
McBride, M., Cooper, S. M., Cryer‐Coupet, Q. R., Burnett, M., Garrett, S. L., & Gibson, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22972 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Özmen, M., & Atlı, A. (2026) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678251413294 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Given the ethnic and cultural dominance of local students on university campuses, the behaviors exhibited by Syrian students in an effort to fit in may be perceived by local students as exaggerated (Green et al., 2007) or artificial (Wei et al., 2010).”
Fernández, A. M. (2014) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Allen, J. L., Szechy, K. A., Campbell, R., Nobile, J., & Huggins-Hoyt, K. Y. (2022) · Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2022.2120589 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Second, Black/African American men historically have a survival mentality of do whatever must be done (Watkins et al., 2007), especially as it pertains to taking care of, supporting, and protecting their families (Deimer, 2002; Lewis, 1975; Watkins et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialHarmon, M. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lemons Into Lemonade: Black Undergraduate Women's Embodiment of Strength and Resilience at a PWI
West, J. S. (2018) · Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Moschella, E. J. (2013) · TigerPrints (Clemson University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Carter, J. D. (2010) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Johnson, L. S. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository
A phenomenological study: Why African American males decline to enroll in graduate level programs
Levine, K. D. (2008) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Johnson, R. A. (2013) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Eades, M. P. (2014) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
An exploration of black male undergraduate achievement utilizing an anti-deficit framework
Austin, A. L. (2017) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
Possibilities and Constraints of Minority Students in the United States
(2019) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3398-6.ch003
Gazarian, D., & Addis, M. E. (2023) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2023.08.004
Barnes, S. L., Collins, L., Lyew, D., & Heffernan, K. (2025) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770241280712
“This suggestion would ensure that all participants feel included in the process (Watkins et al., 2007).”
Torres, O. E., & Okoli, S. M. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1335-1.ch003
Birk, N. A. (2009) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Billie, N. M., & Carter, J. D. (2012) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-61735-934-720251009
Enhancing Counseling Services for Black Men Collegians: A Culturally Engaging Counseling Approach
Brooms, D. R. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2051-231720260000010015
The Cultural Mistrust and Epistemological Miseducation of White Folk and the “Whitening” of HBCUs
Sloss, C. J. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4297-9.ch010
McNeal, R., Oliphant, V. N., Harris, M., Benson, O. M., & Wingate, L. R. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-02903-5
Black College Students’ Well-Being
Brooms, D. R., Campbell, J. L., & Lester, M. A. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197759424.003.0038
- Authors
- Watkins, D. C., Green, B. L., Goodson, P., Guidry, J. J., & Stanley, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of College Student Development
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 105-118
- ISSN
- 0897-5264 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-3382
- OpenAlex
- W1979994144
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 11.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of college student development (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- life events, mental health, health behavior, predominantly white institutions, historically Black colleges and universities, academic stress, health promotion programs, racial minority students
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