Introduction: Folklore and Ethnology of Antisemitism

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The 'personal experience' genre associated with Jewish speakers was often about antisemitism rather than being antisemitic.

“The”

• cites Jacqueline Laznow's essayNot matched

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The contributors in this special issue collectively ask readers, as Dundes did, to 'keep an open mind toward the possibility of symbolic readings of folklore,' understanding that they might be disquieting but worthy of consideration.

“They also collectively ask readers, as Dundes did, to”

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Much of the story told in this special issue is about the Jewish search for security, of feeling grounded at home, either as cultural metaphor or as material reality.

“Much of the story told in this special issue is indeed about the Jewish search for security, of feeling grounded at home, either as cultural metaphor or as material reality.”

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In the digital age people have new expressive genres, and terminology to go with them, such as 'memes,' 'instant messages,' 'deepfakes,' 'newslore,' and 'creepypastas.'

“Whereas Grimms' tales, ballads, and local legends, many with antisemitic content, caused a stir in the nineteenth century and connected with political movements of the period, in the digital age people have new expressive genres, and terminology to go with them, to absorb, such as”

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All the contributors in this special issue cite Dundes's groundbreaking work and address his challenge to critically look beneath the surface of cultural practices for explanation, even if they do not all apply psychoanalytic approaches.

“All the contributors in this special issue cite Dundes's groundbreaking work and address his challenge to critically look beneath the surface of cultural practices for explanation, even if they do not all apply psychoanalytic approaches.”

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The manifold patterns of antisemitism through time and space are a reminder of another important goal of the field to analyze expressions and ideas about Jews, often but not exclusively originating with non-Jews as 'exoteric' attitudes.

“Although much of the historiography of Jewish folklore and ethnology has been about cultural formation by Jews and for Jews that can be called”

• cites Bronner 2022Not matched

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• cites Jansen 1959 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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In the twenty-first century, there has been a global rise in incidents and beliefs that monitoring and polling organizations label 'antisemitic,' including a reactionary resurgence of neo-Nazi public demonstrations and violence targeting Jews and their institutions, even in places where Jews no longer resided.

“A global rise in incidents and beliefs in the twenty-first century that monitoring and polling organizations label”

• cites Chesler 2015Not matched

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• cites Judaken 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rosenfeld 2021Not matched

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Folklore provides longitudinal as well as latitudinal evidence of how and why antisemitism has morphed, and has been perceived, to the present day.

“We might repeat in summary the folkloric retort”

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Joseph Jacobs held a diffusionist rather than evolutionary view of folklore; he argued that it spread from social migrations and new forms emerged in contemporary situations.

“Reflecting his diasporic Jewish experience, Jacobs held a diffusionist rather than evolutionary view of folklore.He argued that it spread from social migrations and new forms emerged in contemporary situations (Fine 1987).”

• cites Fine 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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Dundes established a 'modern' concept of folklore that considered 'folk' to be 'any group of people whatsoever who share at least one common factor.'

“In establishing what historiographers consider the globalization of a”

• cites Dundes 1966 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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The IHRA definition sounded equivocal in stating that antisemitism 'may be expressed as hatred' and did not take a clear position on the relationship of antisemitism to criticism of Israel as the Jewish state that could incite detrimental criminal acts.

“As the definition sounded equivocal in stating that antisemitism”

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The legalistic and political dimensions emphasized in the IHRA, Jerusalem, and SPLC definitions are not sifted out in the more culturally oriented references to Jewishness.

“The legalistic and political dimensions that are emphasized in the IHRA, Jerusalem, and SPLC definitions, however, are not sifted out in the more culturally oriented references to Jewishness.”

May combine two claims.

During the early Soviet period, the An-Sky collections became lodged in a Jewish section of the State Museum of Ethnography in Leningrad; further research was encouraged, but the Stalinist regime later suppressed the material as state policies of anti-Semitism increased.

“During the early Soviet period, the An-Sky collections became lodged in a Jewish section of the State Museum of Ethnography in Leningrad.Further research was encouraged, but the Stalinist regime later suppressed the material as state policies of anti-Semitism increased (Slotnick 1976;Yalen 2018; see also Gottesman 2003).”

• cites Slotnick 1976Not matched

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• cites Yalen 2018Not matched

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• cites Gottesman 2003Not matched

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All the definitions refer to antisemitism as detrimental bias but differ on the intentionality of acting upon it.

“All the definitions refer to antisemitism as detrimental bias but differ on the intentionality of acting upon it.”

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The political and cultural antisemitism Freud faced in Central Europe in the late nineteenth century turned him toward a proud commitment to a Jewishness that expresses humanitarian ideals through a particular Jewish allegiance, defined in both ethnic and intellectual terms.

“the political and cultural antisemitism he faced in Central Europe in the late nineteenth century turned him, according to historian Moshe Gresser in a review of Freud's correspondence, toward”

• cites Gresser 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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Humorous and dramatic genres that invoke and evoke stereotypes and negative narrative tropes about Jews are a prominent example of the instilling function of 'subtle codes' that does not usually figure in the inventory of 'overt antisemitism.'

“A prominent example of the instilling function of”

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The IHRA definition of antisemitism appeared different from previous political guidelines by deepening scrutiny of antisemitism as culturally influenced, unconscious bias and belief as well as 'overt' criminal expressions of vandalism and violence.

“With this statement that followed the encompassing, if vague, idea of antisemitism constituting a”

• cites Marcus 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Special Committee 1954Not matched

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The Grimms' folktale collections included material such as 'The Jew in the Thorn Bush,' which revealed deep-seated antisemitic beliefs at the heart of an imagined German Christian Volk.

“The story, among the other tales representing to the Grimms the”

• cites Uther 2024Not matched

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• cites Harshbarger 2013Not matched

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• cites Helfer 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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Many folklorists and ethnologists analyzing traditions evident in situated culturally framed scenes are guided by a concept, if not definition, of antisemitism as cognition, whether consciously or subconsciously, leading to actions in which Jews are culturally marked as alienated, problematized, and deprecated.

“Thus, many folklorists and ethnologists analyzing traditions evident in situated culturally framed scenes are guided by a concept, if not definition, of antisemitism as cognition, whether consciously or subconsciously, leading to actions in which Jews are culturally marked as alienated, problematized, and deprecated.”

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Freud's use of the possessive determiner 'our' and first-person plural personal pronoun 'we' is rhetorically significant to represent his affinity to Jewishness as a living tradition of which he is a participant compared to the objective scientific reference to 'their' and 'them' for the unaffected observation of Jews collectively as a group.

“His use of the possessive determiner”

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Folklorists and ethnologists document material that convey prejudicial allusions-often ingrained in the culture-and situations and surroundings even without Jews present that give license to deprecate Jewishness outside the awareness of participants.

“Folklorists and ethnologists, however, document material that convey prejudicial allusions-often ingrained in the culture-and situations and surroundings even without Jews present that give license to deprecate Jewishness outside the awareness of participants.”

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All the definitions refer to the folkloric and ethnological legacy by which antisemitism is expressed and conceptualized.

“While not necessarily proposing an explanation for the persistence of antisemitism, they all refer to the folkloric and ethnological legacy by which antisemitism is expressed and conceptualized.”

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The SPLC's attention to 'subtle codes' opened the study of antisemitism to folkloristic and ethnological approaches about practices that do not on their surface meet the legal standard of 'violence, discrimination, harassment, and vandalism' but nonetheless instill fear and divisiveness, whether intentional or not.

“Yet its attention to”

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Marr's popular tract Der Sieg des Judenthums uber das Germanenthum (1879) placed him in the political spotlight and the formation of the leagues gave the movement a unifying catchphrase.

“it was his popular tract titled Der Sieg des Judenthums uber das Germanenthum (Ger., The victory of Judaism over Germandom, 1879) that placed him in the political spotlight and the formation of the leagues that gave the movement a unifying catchphrase (Zimmerman 1986, 103-11).”

• cites Zimmerman 1986Not matched

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Christian evolutionists had harshly depicted Slavic Jewish life mired in a lowly stage of cultural and intellectual progress, but An-Sky's team highlighted the profound creativity of folk arts, including narrative, song, and craft in addition to the vibrant community spirit expressed in customs and rituals.

“Christian evolutionists had harshly depicted Slavic Jewish life mired in a lowly stage of cultural and intellectual progress (see Kingsley 1885, 472), but An-Sky's team highlighted the profound creativity of folk arts, including narrative, song, and craft in addition to the vibrant community spirit expressed in customs and rituals.”

• cites Kingsley 1885Not matched

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The SPLC's non-folkloristic terminology of 'myths' refers to fallacious beliefs and rumors rather than to a literary genre of etiological narratives often involving the supernatural.

“Its non-folkloristic terminology of”

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In the Nexus, IHRA, and Jerusalem Institute statements, a change in tone is evident from the era of 'classic' antisemitism when Jews were considered an ethno-religious group constituting visibly separable communities within a host, and presumably superior community or country, to the twenty-first century when Jews could assume multiple nonreligious identities within a heterogeneous national state或

“In the Nexus, IHRA, and Jerusalem Institute statements, a change in tone is evident from the era of”

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All the definitions refer to the irrationality and malevolence of sustained hostility to Jews, especially in the twenty-first century, supposedly an age enlightened by the lessons of the Holocaust.

“They all refer to the irrationality and malevolence of sustained hostility to Jews, especially in the twenty-first century, supposedly an age enlightened by the lessons of the Holocaust.”

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Alan Dundes's work delved into the psychoanalysis of antisemitic folklore and German national character.

“The approach is often associated with Alan Dundes (1934Dundes ( -2005)), who, like Freud, came from a Jewish family and whose work delved similarly into the psychoanalysis of antisemitic folklore and, indeed, of German national character that led, he hypothesized, to the genocidal”

• cites Dundes 1989Not matched

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• cites Bronner 2020Not matched

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Personal experience narratives do not mean that tellers misrepresent the past, but rather they relate it in familiar story forms that have moral lessons and help the creator deal with the pain of experienced suffering and loss.

“That does not mean that tellers misrepresent the past, but rather they relate it in familiar story forms that have moral lessons and help the creator deal with the pain of experienced suffering and loss (see Jacqueline Laznow's essay in this issue).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Defining an omnipresent antisemitism in the twenty-first century has been problematic, especially as the term's conceptualization was tied to prosecution of criminal speech, behavior, and graphics that defendants might claim to be within their rights of political and cultural expression.

“Defining an omnipresent antisemitism in the twenty-first century has been problematic, especially as the term's conceptualization was tied to prosecution of criminal speech, behavior, and graphics that defendants might claim to be within their rights of political and cultural expression.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Antisemitism is omnipresent in the twenty-first century.

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A more plausible folk interpretation of 'Hepp' was that it stemmed from a traditional German herding cry used by shepherds for 'chasing' or driving someone away, demonizing them as animals sent to slaughter.

“A more plausible folk interpretation was that it stemmed from a traditional German herding cry used by shepherds for”

• cites Jewish Virtual Library 2007Not matched

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• cites Rohrbacher 1990Not matched

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Dundes declared that 'Man is no longer the mere passive end product of an evolutionary process.'

“Indeed, he declared,”

• cites Dundes 1966 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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Franz Boas's theories of cultural relativism and historical particularism based on folkloric evidence postulated that differences arose from the environment rather than from racial characteristics.

“His theories of cultural relativism and historical particularism based on folkloric evidence postulated that differences arose from the environment rather than from racial characteristics (Boas 1896(Boas , 1938;;Bronner 1998, 129-40;Zumwalt 2022, 96-172).”

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• cites Boas 1938Not matched

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• cites Bronner 1998Not matched

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In modern environments, tendentious attitudes may be channeled into forms that are outside the awareness of their holders but nonetheless are shaped by psychological and cultural factors of a mixed social group or even one that does not have a visible Jewish population.

“In modern environments, tendentious attitudes may be channeled into forms that are outside the awareness of their holders but nonetheless are shaped by psychological and cultural factors of a mixed social group or even one that does not have a visible Jewish population.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Culture is evident not just on the ground in social interaction but now 'virtually' and 'virally' in disembodied, individualized cyberspace.

“Culture is evident not just on the ground in social interaction but now”

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Antisemitism in the fluid flow of daily, no less national, life is suspect and therefore has to be discerned before it can be acted upon-and, with that, the visibility of Jews as a sustainable social and cultural presence.

“In other words, antisemitism in the fluid flow of daily, no less national, life is suspect and therefore has to be discerned before it can be acted upon-and, with that, the visibility of Jews as a sustainable social and cultural presence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The discourse of antisemitism has changed along with the forms of social engagement and folkloric representations of it in the world.

“The discourse of antisemitism has accordingly changed along with the forms of social engagement and folkloric representations of it in the world.”

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Dundes concluded with a call of explaining these 'dynamics' with psychological theory, especially informed by Freudian concepts, but noted that this direction has met resistance.

“He concluded with a call of explaining these”

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The problem of antisemitism itself is a metaphor for the intellectual challenge to cultural understanding not only after the new millennium but also after October 7.

“The problem of antisemitism itself is a metaphor for the intellectual challenge to cultural understanding not only after the new millennium but also after October 7.”

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Dundes contrasted this view with that of nineteenth-century Europe, in which 'folklore was conceived as a historical science.'

“Dundes contrasted this view with that of nineteenth-century Europe, in which”

• cites Dundes 1966 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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The perception that the turn of the new millennium has ushered in an era significantly different from what came before triggers new definitions of antisemitism and presents questions anew about the rationality of ethnicreligious hostile thought and action in a time after the Holocaust and civil rights movements around the world.

“The perception that the turn of the new millennium has ushered in an era, indeed a world, that is significantly different from what came before triggers new definitions of antisemitism and presents questions anew about the rationality of ethnicreligious hostile thought and action in a time after the Holocaust and civil rights movements around the world.”

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That sense of liquidity is evident in the post-October 7, 2023, texts and contexts provided that I and Steve Siporin discuss-certainly another turning point not only for Jews but also for the world.

“That sense of liquidity is evident in the post-October 7, 2023, texts and contexts provided that I and Steve Siporin discuss-certainly another turning point not only for Jews but also for the world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The mediation of human communication through electronic devices simultaneously around the world, in addition to advanced transportation that allows for increased relocation and movement, lends a feeling of facing modernity as a socially fluid experience.

“The mediation of human communication through electronic devices simultaneously around the world, in addition to advanced transportation that allows for increased relocation and movement, additionally lends a feeling of facing modernity as a socially fluid experience.”

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The expression and understanding of Jewishness and anti-Jewishness became more complicated, especially with re-diasporization, diversification and migrations of Jewish identities from Africa and Asia, and the various waves of multicultural ingathering of Jews in Israel.

“The expression, and understanding, of Jewishness and anti-Jewishness, became more complicated, especially with re-diasporization well beyond the old concentration of shtetls of a Jewish imaginary in the Pale of Settlement, diversification and migrations of Jewish identities from Africa and Asia, and the various waves of multicultural ingathering of Jews in Israel.”

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Dundes noted that human cultural agency and manipulation are 'part of a growing tendency among peoples with complex cultures to actively mold their cultures, instead of simply being passively molded by them.'

“Sharing with Joseph Jacobs the idea of new folklore emerging in modernity, he noted that human cultural agency and manipulation are”

• cites Dundes 1966 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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Crediting Franz Boas after arrival in the United States with separating from his European disciplinary training in evolutionary approaches by examining present day functions of folklore, Dundes asserted that 'present-oriented American folklorists have become more and more interested in the dynamics of the use of folklore in particular situations' and in particular the significance of social上下文.

“Crediting Franz Boas after arrival in the United States with separating from his European disciplinary training in evolutionary approaches by examining present day functions of folklore, Dundes asserted that”

• cites Dundes 1966 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

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Folklore through the twentieth century has been dubbed a 'mirror of culture,' providing evidence of the inner feelings as well as outer conduct of peoples, and has been used in the twenty-first century to comprehend and influence how the world is different or how we think it is distinct.

“As folklore through the twentieth century has been dubbed a”