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Cited by 3,409

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Does Oil Hinder Democracy?

Ross, Michael L.·2001·World Politics
DOI 10.1353/wp.2001.0011
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Abstract

Some scholars suggest that the Middle East's oil wealth helps explain its failure to democratize. This article examines three aspects of this “oil impedes democracy” claim. First, is it true? Does oil have a consistendy antidemocratic effect on states, once other factors are accounted for? Second, can this claim be generalized? Is it true only in the Middle East or elsewhere as well? Is it true for other types of mineral wealth and other types of commodity wealth or only for oil? Finally, if oil does have antidemocratic properties, what is the causal mechanism? The author uses pooled time-series cross-national data from 113 states between 1971 and 1997 to show that oil exports are strongly associated with authoritarian rule; that this effect is not limited to the Middle East; and that other types of mineral exports have a similar antidemocratic effect, while other types of commodity exports do not. The author also tests three explanations for this pattern: a “rentier effect,” which suggests that resource-rich governments use low tax rates and patronage to dampen democratic pressures; a “repression effect,” which holds that resource wealth enables governments to strengthen their internal security forces and hence repress popular movements; and a “modernization effect,” which implies that growth that is based on the export of oil and minerals will fail to bring about die social and cultural changes that tend to produce democratic government. He finds at least limited support for all three effects.

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. Entelis, 1976, Arab Oil: Impact on the Arab Countries and Global Implications
  2. 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00060-5 · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(96)00060-5
  3. Kessler, 1999, Global Capital and National Politics: Reforming Mexico's Financial System
  4. Ignatius, 2000, Oil and Politics Mix Suspiciously Well in America, Washington Post, 30, A31
  5. 1999, World Development Indicators
  6. Moore, 1966, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
  7. Sachs, 1995, Development Discussion Paper no. 517a
  8. Lerner, 1958, The Passing of Traditional Society
  9. Anderson, 1995, Peace and Democracy in the Middle East: The Constraints of Soft Budgets,, Journal of International Affairs, 49
  10. Brand, 1992, Privatization and Liberalization in the Middle East
  11. Lewis, 1993, Islam and Liberal Democracy,, Atlantic Monthly, 271
  12. O'Donnell, 1986, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy
  13. Gregory Gause, 1995, Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, vol. 1, Theoretical Perspectives
  14. First, 1980, Oil and Class Struggle
  15. Entelis, 1995, Civil Society in the Middle East
  16. Törnquist, 1990, State and Civil Society in Indonesia

Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Ross, M. L.
Venue
World Politics
Publisher
Project MUSE
Published
2001-04
Volume
53
Issue
3
Pages
325-361
ISSN
  • 0043-8871 (ISSN-L)
  • 1086-3338
DOI
10.1353/wp.2001.0011
OpenAlex
W2156625419
Cited by
3,409
References
71
FWCI
91.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 3725 d)

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