Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogeny of Pleistocene MammothMammuthus primigenius
Open accessAbstract
Phylogenetic relationships between the extinct woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), and the Asian (Elephas maximus) and African savanna (Loxodonta africana) elephants remain unresolved. Here, we report the sequence of the complete mitochondrial genome (16,842 base pairs) of a woolly mammoth extracted from permafrost-preserved remains from the Pleistocene epoch--the oldest mitochondrial genome sequence determined to date. We demonstrate that well-preserved mitochondrial genome fragments, as long as approximately 1,600-1700 base pairs, can be retrieved from pre-Holocene remains of an extinct species. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Elephantinae clade suggests that M. primigenius and E. maximus are sister species that diverged soon after their common ancestor split from the L. africana lineage. Low nucleotide diversity found between independently determined mitochondrial genomic sequences of woolly mammoths separated geographically and in time suggests that north-eastern Siberia was occupied by a relatively homogeneous population of M. primigenius throughout the late Pleistocene.
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The three extant elephant species diverged approximately 6 million years ago.
“The three extant elephant species diverged approximately 6 million years ago (Maglio, 1973; Rogaev et al., 2006)”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Rogaev et al., 2006
The Results/Discussion uses a 6-million-year calibration for the split between the Asian elephant (E. maximus) and African savanna elephant (L. africana), while cautioning that the date depends on paleontological dating. Our copy does not extend that date to all three extant elephant species; it discusses only those two extant species. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Rogaev, E. I., Moliaka, Y. K., Malyarchuk, B. A., Kondrashov, F. A., Derenko, M. V., Chumakov, I., & Grigorenko, A. P.
- Affiliations
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Rogaev, Evgeny I
- Venue
- PLoS Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2006-02-07
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e73
- ISSN
- 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7885
- PMC
- PMC1360101
- OpenAlex
- W2012818552
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 12.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, mitochondrial genome, phylogeny, Asian elephant, Loxodonta africana, extinct species, Pleistocene, population genetic variation, Siberia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, Mitochondrial, Elephants, Fossils, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Genome, Sequence Analysis, DNA
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