Origin and Evolution of the Elephantidae
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The three extant elephant species diverged approximately 6 million years ago.
“The three extant elephant species diverged approximately 6 million years ago (Maglio, 1973; Rogaev et al., 2006)”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Maglio, 1973
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A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants<i>Elephas maximus</i>
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“Elephas maximus is believed to have descended during the later Pleistocene from Elephas hysudricus, the fossil remains of which are found in the Siwaliks in the Indian sub-continent (Maglio, 1973).”
BackgroundBrowsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans
Cerling, T. E., Harris, J., & Leakey, M. G. (1999) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420050869 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
“The emergence of the Elephantidae from Miocene gomphotheres re¯ects a major adaptive shift in their method of chewing and it was this new adaptation that accounted for the rapid expansion of the family (Maglio 1973).”
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“Žanimals that fed primarily on grass Maglio, 1973; .”
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“GR (10) CH (1), HW (6), SA (8), ZZ (4) DS (5)”
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“5 Mya [30,35,52].”
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“4D), potentially reflecting ecological competition from the African elephant Palaeoloxodon recki (including Palaeoloxodon iolensis) that dominated the African savannas until the Late Pleistocene (2, 19), or the high levels of male– male competition documented in this species.”
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Gingerich, P. D. (2001) · Genetica · doi:10.1023/a:1013311015886 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“(D) Paleontological studies of Colbert (1948), Haldane (1949), Maglio (1973) , McDonald (1981), Malmgren et al. (1983), King and Saunders (1984), Flynn (1986), Lister (1989), Barnosky (1990), Forsten (1990), Geary (1990), Lich (1990), Gingerich (1991), Heaton (1993), Clyde and Gingerich (1994), Gingerich (1994), Ginge…”
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“…heavily on specialist studies of baboons (Singer, 1962; Dechow and Singer, 1984), carnivores (Ewer and Singer, 1956; Hendey, 1974), elephants (Maglio, 1973: 25e29), equids (Churcher, 1986; Eisenmann, 2000), rhinoceroses (Hooijer and Singer, 1960a), hippopotamuses (Hooijer and Singer, 1960b),…”
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“Fossil elephants have long been a favourite subject of study, not only for elucidating their phylogenetic relationships, but also for illustrating patterns and processes of evolution (e.g. Osborn, 1942; Maglio, 1973).”
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“Mammoth evolution began in the African Pliocene some 4.0 Ma BP with Mammuthus subplanifrons, an initial form with 7e9 plates in its M3 (Maglio, 1973; Kalb and Mebrate, 1993; Markov, 2010 and references therein).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Morphophysiological Adaptations of Browsing and Grazing Mammals
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“The differences in molar structure between the two species (with L.africana having less enamel ridges than E .maximus; Maglio 1973) could be interpreted as a higher degree of adaptation for grass forage in E. maximus.”
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“Relative to contemporaneous gomphotheres, the teeth of Loxodonta are distinguished by an increase in shearing index, thinner and more folded enamel, and an increase in molar crown height (Maglio, 1973; Beden, 1987).”
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“The species is known from middle/late Pleistocene sites across Africa (Maglio, 1973; Coppens et al., 1978; Abbate et al., 2010; Sanders et al., 2010).”
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“Dating the divergence of Elephas and Loxodonta lineages as 5±7 million years ago on palaeontological evidence (Maglio, 1973), and assuming a constant rate of evolution, the estimated rate of change in control region sequence between the two lineages is »1%/Myr.”
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“The analysis indicates that 61% of the microsatellite variation (RST, Table 2) could be explained by differences between Asian vs. African genera, estimated to have diverged about 5 million years ago ( Maglio 1973 ), while 39% of the variation measured with these markers was retained within the continental populations.”
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“…kaisensis ‘‘Nkondo stage’’ (sensu Tassy, 1994); (3) Primelephas aff. gomphotheroides close to Primelephas from Lukeino (Tassy, 1986) and Lothagam 1 (Maglio, 1973); and (4) a primitive Elephantine represented by a d3 more derived than Stegotetrabelodon orbus from Lothagam (Maglio and Ricca,…”
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“based phylogenetic hypothesis (Aguirre 1969; Maglio 1973) that the mammoth is closely related to the Asian elephant.”
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“A completeM2 (r) from JB indicates that the elephant was at least 26 years old when it died (Maglio, 1973).”
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“5 Myr ago, based on morphological and stratigraphic data (Maglio 1973).”
BackgroundInfluentialPalaeogenomes of Eurasian straight-tusked elephants challenge the current view of elephant evolution
Meyer, M., Palkopoulou, E., Baleka, S., Stiller, M., Penkman, K. E. H., Alt, K. W., Ishida, Y., Mania, D., Mallick, S., Meijer, T., et al. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.25413 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“DOI: 10.7554/eLife.25413 8 of 14 500,000 years for the divergence of the Loxodonta and Elephas/Mammuthus lineages (Rohland et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialYokoyama, S., Takenaka, N., Agnew, D., & Shoshani, J. (2005) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.104.039511 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“In addition to the major roles of F86S exhibited MYA (Maglio 1973; see also Eizirik et al. 2001), the in the development of the elephant and avian SWS1 evolutionary rates of nucleotide substitution for the pigments, F86Y in the SWS1 pigment in bovine (Cowthree respective opsin genes are (0.10 Ϯ 0.010) ϫ 10 Ϫ9 , ing et…”
BackgroundInfluentialShoshani, J., & al., #. E. (1982) · Elephant · doi:10.22237/elephant/1521731887 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Chronospecies' longevities, the origin of genera, and the punctuational model of evolution
Stanley, S. M. (1978) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/s0094837300005662 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Plio-pleistocene hominid diets: an approach combining masticatory and ecological analysis
Lucas, P. W., Corlett, R. T., & Luke, D. A. (1985) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80006-3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Metcalfe, J. Z., Longstaffe, F. J., & Zazula, G. D. (2010) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.032 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Complete Columbian mammoth mitogenome suggests interbreeding with woolly mammoths
Enk, J. M., Devault, A. M., Debruyne, R., King, C., Treangen, T. J., O’Rourke, D. H., Salzberg, S. L., Fisher, D. C., MacPhee, R. D. E., & Poinar, H. N. (2011) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-r51 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Conventional paleontological models [1-4] of North American mammoth evolution posit that at least two species occupied the continent during the late Pleistocene (150,000 to 10,000 years ago: Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoths (WMs)) evolved in Eurasia and immigrated to North America in the late Pleistocene, wherea…”
BackgroundChang, D., Knapp, M., Enk, J. M., Lippold, S., Kircher, M., Lister, A. M., MacPhee, R. D. E., Widga, C., Czechowski, P., Sommer, R. S., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep44585 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Pleistocene mammals of Costa Rica
Lucas, S. G., Alvarado, G. E., & Vega, E. (1997) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010985 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
- Authors
- Maglio, V. J.
- Corresponding author
- Maglio, Vincent J.
- Venue
- Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1973
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1
- ISSN
- 0065-9746 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1530663570
- Cited by
- 588
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Keywords
- Elephantidae, Proboscidea, elephant evolution, fossil elephants, mammalian phylogeny
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