Cited by 224Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalitiesDNA Repair MechanismsGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Molecular mechanisms generating and stabilizing terminal 22q13 deletions in 44 subjects with Phelan/McDermid syndrome

Open access
Bonaglia, Maria Clara, Giorda, Roberto, Beri, Silvana, De Agostini, Cristina, Novara, Francesca, Fichera, Marco, Grillo, Lucia, Galesi, Ornella +47 more·2011·PLoS Genetics

Abstract

In this study, we used deletions at 22q13, which represent a substantial source of human pathology (Phelan/McDermid syndrome), as a model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of terminal deletions that are currently poorly understood. We characterized at the molecular level the genomic rearrangement in 44 unrelated patients with 22q13 monosomy resulting from simple terminal deletions (72%), ring chromosomes (14%), and unbalanced translocations (7%). We also discovered interstitial deletions between 17-74 kb in 9% of the patients. Haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene, confirmed in all rearrangements, is very likely the cause of the major neurological features associated with PMS. SHANK3 mutations can also result in language and/or social interaction disabilities. We determined the breakpoint junctions in 29 cases, providing a realistic snapshot of the variety of mechanisms driving non-recurrent deletion and repair at chromosome ends. De novo telomere synthesis and telomere capture are used to repair terminal deletions; non-homologous end-joining or microhomology-mediated break-induced replication is probably involved in ring 22 formation and translocations; non-homologous end-joining and fork stalling and template switching prevail in cases with interstitial 22q13.3. For the first time, we also demonstrated that distinct stabilizing events of the same terminal deletion can occur in different early embryonic cells, proving that terminal deletions can be repaired by multistep healing events and supporting the recent hypothesis that rare pathogenic germline rearrangements may have mitotic origin. Finally, the progressive clinical deterioration observed throughout the longitudinal medical history of three subjects over forty years supports the hypothesis of a role for SHANK3 haploinsufficiency in neurological deterioration, in addition to its involvement in the neurobehavioral phenotype of PMS.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002173

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In other cases with almost identical small microdeletions including SHANK3, neurobehavioral phenotypes were quite variable.

    “Similarly, in other cases with almost identical small microdeletions (<100 kb) including SHANK3, neurobehavioral phenotypes were quite variable (Boccuto et al., 2013; Bonaglia et al., 2011; Dhar et al., 2010).”

    From Modeling Autism by SHANK Gene Mutations in Mice (2013) · cites this paper as Bonaglia et al., 2011

  • For point mutations such as missense mutations and small intragenic deletions in SHANK2 and SHANK3, the pathogenic mechanism is less clear.

    “By comparison, for point mutations such as missense mutation and small intragenic deletions identified in SHANK2 and SHANK3, the pathogenic mechanism is less clear (Bonaglia et al., 2011; Durand et al., 2011; Moessner et al., 2007).”

    From Modeling Autism by SHANK Gene Mutations in Mice (2013) · cites this paper as Bonaglia et al., 2011

  • Δex4-9 and Δex4-7 mouse mutations are closest to patients with intragenic exon 1-9 deletion and splice mutation of intron 5 in SHANK3.

    “The Δex4-9 (Bozdagi et al., 2010) and Δex4-7 mutations in mouse (Peca et al., 2011) are closest to patients with intragenic exon 1-9 deletion and splice mutation of intron 5 in SHANK3 (Bonaglia et al., 2011; Hamdan et al., 2011)”

    From Modeling Autism by SHANK Gene Mutations in Mice (2013) · cites this paper as Bonaglia et al., 2011

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Bonaglia, M. C., Giorda, R., Beri, S., De Agostini, C., Novara, F., Fichera, M., Grillo, L., Galesi, O., Vetro, A., Ciccone, R., Bonati, M. T., Giglio, S., Guerrini, R., Osimani, S., Marelli, S., Zucca, C., Grasso, R., Borgatti, R., Mani, E., Motta, C., Molteni, M., Romano, C., Greco, D., Reitano, S., Baroncini, A., Lapi, E., Cecconi, A., Arrigo, G., Patricelli, M. G., Pantaleoni, C., D'Arrigo, S., Riva, D., Sciacca, F., Dalla Bernardina, B., Zoccante, L., Darra, F., Termine, C., Maserati, E., Bigoni, S., Priolo, E., Bottani, A., Gimelli, S., Bena, F., Brusco, A., di Gregorio, E., Bagnasco, I., Giussani, U., Nitsch, L., Politi, P., Martinez-Frias, M. L., Martínez-Fernández, M. L., Martínez Guardia, N., Bremer, A., Anderlid, B.-M., & Zuffardi, O.
Affiliations
  • IRCCS Eugenio Medea (IT)
  • University of Pavia (IT)
  • Oasi Maria SS (IT)
  • IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IT)
  • Meyer Children's Hospital (IT)
  • IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
  • Ospedale Santa Maria Annunziata (IT)
  • Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IT)
  • University of Verona (IT)
  • University of Insubria (IT)
  • University of Ferrara (IT)
  • Azienda ospedaliera "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" (IT)
  • Canton of Geneva (CH)
  • University of Turin (IT)
  • Ospedale Martini (IT)
  • University of Naples Federico II (IT)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Venue
PLoS Genetics
Published
2011-07-14
Volume
7
Issue
7
Pages
e1002173
ISSN
  • 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
  • 1553-7404
OpenAlex
W2144839123
Cited by
224
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 21
FWCI
8.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
Funders
Regione Lombardia
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords
Phelan-McDermid syndrome, ring chromosomes, unbalanced translocation, interstitial deletion, breakpoint junctions, non-homologous end joining, microhomology-mediated break-induced replication, neurological deterioration
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Base Sequence, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Deletion, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Parents, Ring Chromosomes, Translocation, Genetic, Sequence Deletion, Chromosome Disorders, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review