The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clonal Expansion of Early to Mid-Life Mitochondrial DNA Point Mutations Drives Mitochondrial Dysfunction during Human Ageing
Open accessAbstract
Age-related decline in the integrity of mitochondria is an important contributor to the human ageing process. In a number of ageing stem cell populations, this decline in mitochondrial function is due to clonal expansion of individual mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations within single cells. However the dynamics of this process and when these mtDNA mutations occur initially are poorly understood. Using human colorectal epithelium as an exemplar tissue with a well-defined stem cell population, we analysed samples from 207 healthy participants aged 17-78 years using a combination of techniques (Random Mutation Capture, Next Generation Sequencing and mitochondrial enzyme histochemistry), and show that: 1) non-pathogenic mtDNA mutations are present from early embryogenesis or may be transmitted through the germline, whereas pathogenic mtDNA mutations are detected in the somatic cells, providing evidence for purifying selection in humans, 2) pathogenic mtDNA mutations are present from early adulthood (<20 years of age), at both low levels and as clonal expansions, 3) low level mtDNA mutation frequency does not change significantly with age, suggesting that mtDNA mutation rate does not increase significantly with age, and 4) clonally expanded mtDNA mutations increase dramatically with age. These data confirm that clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations, some of which are generated very early in life, is the major driving force behind the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with ageing of the human colorectal epithelium.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, deep-sequencing of aged cells revealed that their mtDNA mutational load may substantially increase through clonal expansion events 19 .”
From Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Mitochondrial DNA mutations also accumulate with age, secondary to increased ROS and continuous replication, which enables mutations that impair function to, potentially, expand clonally (23).”
From Exercise Counters the Age-Related Accumulation of Senescent Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase
Trifunovic, A., Wredenberg, A., Falkenberg, M., Spelbrink, J. N., Rovio, A. T., Bruder, C. E., Bohlooly-Y, M., Gidlöf, S., Oldfors, A., Wibom, R., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02517 · Cited by 2,734
Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mammalian aging
Kujoth, G. C., Hiona, A., Pugh, T. D., Someya, S., Panzer, K., Wohlgemuth, S. E., Hofer, T., Seo, A. Y., Sullivan, R., Jobling, W. A., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1112125 · Cited by 2,165
Mitochondrial DNA mutations as an important contributor to ageing and degenerative diseases
Linnane, A., Ozawa, T., Marzuki, S., & Tanaka, M. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92145-4 · Cited by 983
How stem cells age and why this makes us grow old
Sharpless, N. E., & DePinho, R. A. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2241 · Cited by 743
MITOMAP: a human mitochondrial genome database--2004 update
Brandon, M. (2004) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gki079 · Cited by 568
Mitochondrial mutations may increase oxidative stress: Implications for carcinogenesis and aging?
Bandy, B., & Davison, A. J. (1990) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(90)90152-9 · Cited by 550
Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human colonic crypt stem cells
Taylor, R. W., Barron, M. J., Borthwick, G. M., Gospel, A., Chinnery, P. F., Samuels, D. C., Taylor, G. A., Plusa, S. M., Needham, S. J., Greaves, L. C., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci19435 · Cited by 530
Self-citationStrong Purifying Selection in Transmission of Mammalian Mitochondrial DNA
Stewart, J. B., Freyer, C., Elson, J. L., Wredenberg, A., Cansu, Z., Trifunović, A., & Larsson, N. (2008) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060010 · Cited by 525
Self-citationMITOMAP: a human mitochondrial genome database
Kogelnik, A. M. (1996) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/24.1.177 · Cited by 524
Heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations in normal and tumour cells
He, Y., Wu, J., Dressman, D. C., Iacobuzio–Donahue, C. A., Markowitz, S. D., Velculescu, V. E., Diaz, L. A., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B., & Papadopoulos, N. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08802 · Cited by 516
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 51 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Finch C, Kirkwood TBL. (2000) Chance, Development and Ageing: Oxford University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–172 of 172
Ishikawa, K., & Nakada, K. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129835 · Cited by 9
Genetic landscape of human mitochondrial genome using whole-genome sequencing
Wang, Y., Zhao, G., Fang, Z., Pan, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, X. C., Wang, X., Luo, T., Zhang, Y., et al. (2021) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab358 · Cited by 9
Systematic analysis of a mitochondrial disease‐causing ND6 mutation in mitochondrial deficiency
Chen, D., Zhao, Q., Xiong, J., Lou, X., Han, Q., Wei, X., Xie, J., Li, X., Zhou, H., Shen, L., et al. (2020) · Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1002/mgg3.1199 · Cited by 8
Mitochondrial DNA mutations and aging
Szczepanowska, K., & Trifunović, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819656-4.00010-3 · Cited by 9
Regulation of Mitochondrial Quality Control of Intestinal Stem Cells in Homeostasis and Diseases
Lei, X., Xu, Z., Huang, Y., Huang, L., Lang, J., Qu, M., & Liu, D. (2024) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2023.0489 · Cited by 7
Aging and Aging-Related Senescence in Liver
Ganguly, S., Sakane, S., Hokutan, K., Zhang, V., Miciano, C., Wang, A., Brenner, D. A., & Kisseleva, T. (2025) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/a-2637-2549 · Cited by 11
Kirmes, I., Hung, G. C. C., Hahn, A., Dai, C.-Y., Campbell, D., Ahier, A., Lee, R. S. Y., Palmer, A., & Zuryn, S. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-67198-2 · Cited by 7
Sequeira, A. N., O’Keefe, I. P., Katju, V., & Bergthorsson, U. (2024) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkae018 · Cited by 7
Rueda, M., & Torkamani, A. (2017) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1778-6 · Cited by 8
The Isolation and Deep Sequencing of Mitochondrial DNA
Bury, A. G., Robertson, F. M., Pyle, A., Payne, B. A. I., & Hudson, G. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_27 · Cited by 7
Nanobiopsy investigation of the subcellular mtDNA heteroplasmy in human tissues
Bury, A. G., Pyle, A., Vincent, A. E., Actis, P., & Hudson, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64455-0 · Cited by 6
Convergence between brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease: Focus on mitochondria
Vaiasicca, S., Balietti, M., Bevilacqua, L., Giorgetti, B., & Casoli, T. (2024) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2024.112001 · Cited by 8
Mapping mitochondrial morphology and function: COX-SBFSEM reveals patterns in mitochondrial disease
Faitg, J., Davey, T., Laws, R., Lawless, C., Tuppen, H. A. L., Fitton, E., Turnbull, D. M., & Vincent, A. E. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-07389-7 · Cited by 7
Self-citationLipid Peroxidation, Diet, and the Genotoxicology of Aging
Grúz, P. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801816-3.00012-1 · Cited by 5
Benarroch, E. E. (2026) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000214618 · Cited by 6
Variant load of mitochondrial DNA in single human mesenchymal stem cells
Hipps, D., Pyle, A., Porter, A. L. R., Dobson, P. F., Tuppen, H. A. L., Lawless, C., Russell, O. M., Turnbull, D. M., Deehan, D. J., & Hudson, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71822-4 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMutation accumulation in mtDNA of cancers resembles mutagenesis in normal stem cells
Manders, F., van Dinter, J. T., & van Boxtel, R. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105610 · Cited by 4
HMGB1 and mitochondrial dysfunction: a double-edged sword in ageing
Wahid, M., & Cunningham, M. (2025) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.240376 · Cited by 3
Somai, S., Aloh, C. H., King, D. E., & Copeland, W. C. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110275 · Cited by 3
Malcomson, F. C., Breininger, S. P., ElGendy, K., Joel, A., Ranathunga, R. M. T. K., Hill, T., Bradburn, D. M., Turnbull, D., Greaves, L. C., & Mathers, J. C. (2019) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106019866963 · Cited by 3
Self-citationNaumova, N., Koliada, A. K., Kuzub, N., & Vaiserman, A. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823679-6.00012-6 · Cited by 3
Koolkarnkhai, P., Intakham, C., Sangthong, P., Surat, W., & Wonnapinij, P. (2019) · Mitochondrial DNA Part A · doi:10.1080/24701394.2019.1693549 · Cited by 3
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Age - related Oocyte Quality
Chian, R., & Li, H. (2017) · Reproductive and Developmental Medicine · doi:10.4103/wkmp-0152.210693 · Cited by 3
The double face of mitochondrial dysfunction
Кнорре, Д. А., Zyrina, A. N., & Severin, F. F. (2016) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100923 · Cited by 3
Preising, M. N., & Bolz, H. J. (2017) · Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599313 · Cited by 3
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Explain Biological Aging and LongevityPreprint
Augsburger, B. N. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/045633 · Cited by 3
Ahmed, S. T., Taylor, R. W., Turnbull, D. M., Lawless, C., & Pickett, S. J. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.22272484 · Cited by 2
Self-citationGermline ecology: Managed herds, tolerated flocks, and pest control
Haig, D. (2024) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esae004 · Cited by 2
Gospodinova, A., Mariienko, Y., Pendicheva-Duhlenska, D., Hayrabedyan, S., & Todorova, K. O. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15115822 · Cited by 2
The APOE Gene Cluster in Normal Aging
Florczak‐Wyspianska, J., Hurła, M., Pikor, D., Poszwa, J., Korczowska-Łącka, I., Szymanowicz, O., Pluto-Prądzyńska, A., Goutor, U., Wiszniewska, M., Kozubski, W. P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin36401 · Cited by 3
Complexities and pitfalls in analyzing and interpreting mitochondrial DNA content in human cancer
Nguyen, H. T. M., & LaFramboise, T. (2020) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2020.04.007 · Cited by 2
Su, T., Gomes, T. M. B., Smith, A. L. M., Whitehall, J. C., Blain, A. P., Simard, M., Scholten, L., Stewart, J. B., Turnbull, D. M., Lawless, C., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535821 · Cited by 2
Self-citationA metabolic and mitochondrial angle on aging
Duarte, A. I., Sadowska‐Bartosz, I., Karkucińska‐Więckowska, A., Lebiedzińska, M., Palmeira, C. M., Rolo, A. P., Kabiri, Y., Zavan, B., Pinton, P., Borges, F., et al. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823761-8.00024-0 · Cited by 3
Role of mitophagy and mitochondria in aging and cellular senescence
Liang, X. F., Poulton, J., & Lechuga‐Vieco, A. V. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15260-3.00006-5 · Cited by 1
Defects in the Mitochondrial Genome of Dogs with Recurrent Tumours
Kowal, K., Ziółkowska-Twarowska, K., Tkaczyk‐Wlizło, A., Grzybowska‐Szatkowska, L., & Ślaska, B. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252413414 · Cited by 1
Cellular Senescence and Stem Cell Exhaustion: Implications for Aging and Regeneration
Kumar, N., & Walia, H. K. (2025) · Cellular Senescence, Age-Related Disorders, and Emerging Treatments · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1041-9_6 · Cited by 1
Turner, A., Ding, B., Zhu, X., Nguyen, T., Bazard, P., & Frisina, R. D. (2025) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2025.109471 · Cited by 1
Johnston, I. G. (2026) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2025.0075 · Cited by 1
Mitochondrial transfer technologies with molecular insights into clinical applications
Martirosian, V., Peng, B., & Teitell, M. A. (2026) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1093/stmcls/sxag026 · Cited by 1
Coenzyme Q, mtDNA and Mitochondrial Dysfunction During Aging
Quiles, J. L., Varela‐López, A., Navarro‐Hortal, M. D., & Battino, M. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45642-9_10 · Cited by 1
Yaşlanma Sürecinde Mitokondrinin Rolü
Çıracı, E., & Sezgin, S. B. A. (2020) · ICONTECH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL · doi:10.46291/icontechvol4iss3pp1-10 · Cited by 1
Matkarimov, B. T., & Saparbaev, M. K. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/842617 · Cited by 1
Green, A. P., Klimm, F., Marshall, A. S., Leetmaa, R., Aryaman, J., Gómez-Durán, A., Chinnery, P. F., & Jones, N. S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547509 · Cited by 1
Are mitochondrial DNA mutations under purifying selection in somatic tissues?Preprint
Franco, M., Bandell, J., Popadin, K. Y., Woods, D., & Khrapko, K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684677 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMitochondrial Mutagenesis in Cancer
Valente, W. J., & Bielas, J. H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3612-0_7
Somatic Genome Variation: What it is and What it Means for Agriculture and Human Health
Li, X. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118647110.ch18
The impact of the mitochondrial bottleneck on mtDNA disease risk and embryogenesis
Otten, A. B. C. (2016) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20161115ao
Effect of weight loss on mitochondrial defects in the ageing human colon
Breininger, S. P., Greaves, L. C., Turnbull, D. M., & Mathers, J. C. (2018) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665118001787
Self-citationUnits and Targets of Natural Selection
Templeton, A. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386025-5.00011-7
High-resolution sequencing of mitochondrial DNA
Annis, S. (2020) · doi:10.17760/d20382805
mtDNA replication in dysfunctional mitochondria promotes deleterious heteroplasmy via the UPR mtPreprint
Yang, Q., Liu, P., Anderson, N. S., Shpilka, T., Du, Y., Naresh, N. U., Luk, K., Lavelle, J., Zeinert, R., Chien, P., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.274472
Mitochondria and microRNAs in obesity and after weight loss
Breininger, S. P. (2020)
Selection in Age-Structured Populations
Templeton, A. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386025-5.00013-0
Patterns of somatic mutations in normal cells
Manders, F. (2023) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1622
Kamfar, S., Alaei, F., Zaferani, R., & Zeinali, V. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Blood and Cancer · doi:10.58209/ijbc.14.4.104
Noncoding RNAs and RNA Epigenetics in Brain Aging
Sugai-Munson, A., Simon, C., Graves, O. K., McKay, T. B., & Li, H. (2025) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91072-2_10
Metabolic dysfunction promoted by mitochondrial DNA mutation burden drives retinal degenerationPreprint
Sturgis, J., Jiang, K., Hagstrom, S. A., Moorthy, M., & Bonilha, V. L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667736
Intrinsic errors in mitochondrial translation trigger a decline in cell fitnessPreprint
Bal, G. L., Ng, K. Y., Berzell, E., Akpınar, A., Ekvik, A. E., Koludarova, L., Naddafi, S., Raths, C., Vane-Tempest, T., VanPortfliet, J. J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682189
Yin, Q., Xu, N., Xu, D., Dong, M., Shi, X., Wang, Y., Hao, Z., Zhu, S., Zhao, D., Jin, H., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12457301
Yin, Q., Xu, N., Xu, D., Dong, M., Shi, X., Wang, Y., Hao, Z., Zhu, S., Zhao, D., Jin, H., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12457307
Yin, Q., Xu, N., Xu, D., Dong, M., Shi, X., Wang, Y., Hao, Z., Zhu, S., Zhao, D., Jin, H., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12457295
Torres-González, E., Arbeithuber, B., Stoler, N., Cremona, M. A., Shebl, O. J., Ebner, T., Tiemann‐Boege, I., Diaz, F. J., Chiaromonte, F., & Makova, K. D. (2026) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msag035
Gakely, G. (2026) · Annals of Rejuvenation Science · doi:10.65649/rm9epe20
Overview of hallmarks of aging
Sangeeth, A., Subramanian, M., Singh, A., & Singh, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33159-6.00004-7
Large-scale single-cell mapping of concealed mitochondrial ageingPreprint
Jethwani, H., Sukandar, K. K., Green, A. P., Insalata, F., Golder, Z. J., Schon, K. R., Asquith, B., Chinnery, P. F., & Jones, N. S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.07.14.738425
Bubb, K., Rigoni, G., Papadea, P., Pironti, G., Misic, J., Jiang, S., Alsina, D., Rubalcava-Gracia, D., Andersson, D. C., Filograna, R., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aec8606
The Hallmarks of Aging: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Translation
Chmielewski, P. P., & Strzelec, B. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27188080
Clonal Mosaicism of Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy as a Molecular Clock of Aging
Chang, R., Tsai, A. P., Wang, B., Tsui, K., Pang, C., & Li, C. (2026) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70718
Temporal control of mitochondrial mutagenesis reveals the fate of mtDNA mutations with agePreprint
Shemtov, S. J., Hwang, E., Chung, C. S., Anson, H., Carrillo, L., Lee, S.-M., Vorobyova, I., Wan, J., Kennedy, S. R., Vandiver, A. R., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.09.24.754271
Nesci, S., & Algieri, C. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-026-02588-y
Metadata
- Authors
- Greaves, L. C., Nooteboom, M., Elson, J. L., Tuppen, H. A. L., Taylor, G. A., Commane, D. M., Arasaradnam, R. P., Khrapko, K., Taylor, R. W., Kirkwood, T. B. L., Mathers, J. C., & Turnbull, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (GB)
- North-West University (ZA)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Greaves, Laura C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Genetics
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-09-18
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e1004620
- ISSN
- 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7404
- PMC
- PMC4169240
- OpenAlex
- W2132967521
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- Wellcome Trust (096919, 096919/Z/11/Z, G0601943)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (G0601943)
- Food Standards Agency (N12015)
- Newcastle University
- Medical Research Council (G0601943, G0700718)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BEP17 042, BB/C008200/1, G0700718)
- Economic and Social Research Council
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre (BH111030)
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (096919Z/11/Z)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG019787)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- mitochondrial DNA point mutations, clonal expansion, mitochondrial dysfunction, human aging, colorectal epithelium, purifying selection, mtDNA mutation rate, early embryonic development, somatic mtDNA mutations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, DNA Mutational Analysis, DNA, Mitochondrial, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Middle Aged, Mitochondria, Sensitivity and Specificity, Point Mutation, Mitochondrial Proteins, Cytochromes c, Young Adult, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Mutation Rate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
