Cited by 416Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesPhilosophy of Biology and Scientific ExplanationMethodologies in Health Research and Practice

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Observational Research, Randomised Trials, and Two Views of Medical Science

Open access

Vandenbroucke, Jan P·2008·PLoS Medicine

DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050067PMC PMC2265762

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Two views exist of medical science, says the author, one emphasizing discovery and explanation, the other emphasizing evaluation of interventions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050067

Cites

67 of 67 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020
Self-citation
Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Management Committee, Burton, P. R., Clayton, D. G., Cardon, L. R., Craddock, N., Deloukas, P., Duncanson, A., Kwiatkowski, D. P., McCarthy, M. I., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05911 · Cited by 9,442
From the New York Times Magazine
Minsky, & Hyman, P. (1979) · Cited by 6,899
No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons.
Rothman, K. J. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199001000-00010 · Cited by 5,965
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2005.10722754 · Cited by 4,702 · cited 1×
“The importance of the prior odds at which research is started was highlighted in a paper describing “Why most research findings are false” [45].”
Background
Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine.
(1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-9-825_9 · Cited by 3,497
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, U.K.
Mossman, K. (2008) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0108-42a · Cited by 2,714
Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung
Doll, R., & Hill, A. B. (1950) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739 · Cited by 1,999
RE: “ESTIMABILITY AND ESTIMATION IN CASE-REFERENT STUDIES”
Halperin, M. (1977) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112409 · Cited by 1,546
Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference.
Bartlett, M. S., & Fisher, R. A. (1957) · Biometrika · doi:10.2307/2333276 · Cited by 1,294

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 66 references

Research works printed but not linked: 27

Laine, 2007, N Engl J Med, 356, 2734
Vandenbroucke, 1994, Lancet, 344, 1453
Vandenbroucke, 2001, N Engl J Med, 344, 1527
Vandenbroucke, 2005, N Engl J Med, 353, 1297
Glasziou, 2007, BMJ, 334, 349
Vandenbroucke, 2001, Ann Intern Med, 134, 330
Vandenbroucke, 2004, Lancet, 363, 1728
Schulz, 2002, Lancet, 359, 614
Miettinen, 1983, Stat Med, 2, 267
Vandenbroucke, 2006, CMAJ, 174, 645
Papanikolaou, 2006, CMAJ, 174, 635
Jick, 1978, Am J Epidemiol, 107, 1
Djulbegovic, 2000, Lancet, 356, 635
Kumar, 2005, BMJ, 331, 1295
Rothman, 1990, Epidemiology, 1, 43
Greenland, 2007, Int J Epidemiol, 36, 944
Lipton, 2005, Science, 307, 219
Brush, 2005, Science, 308, 1409
Rothwell, 2005, Lancet, 365, 176
Joost, 2002, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165, 795
Goodman, 1998, Am J Epidemiol, 147, 807
Moonesinghe, 2007, PLoS Med, 4, e28
Khoury, 2007, Int J Epidemiol, 36, 439
Maclure, 1993, Epidemiol Rev, 15, 328
Mayes, 1988, Int J Epidemiol, 17, 680
Schulz, 2002, Lancet, 359, 431
Gould, 2000, Science, 287, 253

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 415

Subgroup analysis of large trials can guide further research: a case study of vitamin E and pneumonia
Hemila, H., & Kaprio, J. (2011) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s16114 · Cited by 38
Toward International Harmonization of Breast Implant Registries: International Collaboration of Breast Registry Activities Global Common Data Set
Spronk, P. E. R., Begum, H., Vishwanath, S., Crosbie, A., Earnest, A., Elder, E. E., Lumenta, D. B., Marinac‐Dabic, D., Moore, C. C. M., Mureau, M. A. M., et al. (2020) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000006969 · Cited by 37
Effect of sugar-sweetened beverages on body weight in children: design and baseline characteristics of the Double-blind, Randomized INtervention study in Kids
de Ruyter, J. C., Olthof, M. R., Kuijper, L. D. J., & Katan, M. (2011) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2011.10.007 · Cited by 39
Pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal cancer: Long-term survival and prognostic factors
Younes, R. N., Abrão, F. C., & Gross, J. (2013) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.01.003 · Cited by 35
Antipsychotic drug exposure and risk of fracture
Papola, D., Ostuzzi, G., Thabane, L., Guyatt, G. H., & Barbui, C. (2018) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000221 · Cited by 36
On the evidentiary standards for nutrition advice
Jukola, S. (2018) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.05.007 · Cited by 35
EU-funded initiatives for real world evidence: descriptive analysis of their characteristics and relevance for regulatory decision-making
Plueschke, K., McGettigan, P., Pacurariu, A. C., Kurz, X., & Cave, A. C. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021864 · Cited by 35
Studying the effects of intervention programmes on household energy saving behaviours using graphical causal models
Bhushan, N., Steg, L., & Albers, C. J. (2018) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.07.027 · Cited by 35
Improving the transparency and reliability of observational studies through registration
Naudet, F., Patel, C. J., DeVito, N., Goff, G. L., Cristea, I. A., Braillon, A., & Hoffmann, S. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076123 · Cited by 35
Methodology of clinical studies dealing with the treatment of envenomation
Chippaux, J., Stock, R. P., & Massougbodji, A. (2010) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.022 · Cited by 34
A Machine Learning Model to Successfully Predict Future Diagnosis of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia With Retrospective Electronic Health Records Data
Hauser, R. G., Esserman, D., Beste, L. A., Ong, S. Y., Colomb, D. G., Bhargava, A., Wadia, R. J., & Rose, M. G. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqab086 · Cited by 36
Hospitalization for Heart Failure in the United States, UK, Taiwan, and Japan: An International Comparison of Administrative Health Records on 413,385 Individual Patients
Sundaram, V., Nagai, T., Chiang, C., Reddy, Y. N. V., Chao, T., Zakeri, R., Bloom, C. I., Nakai, M., Nishimura, K., Hung, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.08.024 · Cited by 33
Causal Assessment of Pharmaceutical Treatments: Why Standards of Evidence Should not be the Same for Benefits and Harms?
Osimani, B., & Mignini, F. (2014) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-014-0249-5 · Cited by 33
Preregistration of Epidemiologic Studies
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2010) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181e942b8 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Development and validation of providers’ and patients’ measurement instruments to evaluate adverse events after spinal manipulation therapy
Pohlman, K. A., O’Beirne, M., Thiel, H. W., Cassidy, J. D., Mior, S. A., Hurwitz, E. L., Westaway, M. D., Ishaque, S., Yager, J. Y., & Vohra, S. (2014) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2014.01.002 · Cited by 34
Interaction between antidepressants and alcohol: Signal amplification by multiple case reports
Menkes, D. B., & Herxheimer, A. (2014) · International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine · doi:10.3233/jrs-140632 · Cited by 31
Until RCT proven? On the asymmetry of evidence requirements for risk assessment
Osimani, B. (2013) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12039 · Cited by 30
Are Target Trial Emulations the Gold Standard for Observational Studies?
Pearce, N. E., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2023) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001636 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
The Impact of Maxillary Osteotomy on Speech Outcomes in Cleft Lip and Palate: An Evidence-Based Approach to Evaluating the Literature
Pereira, V. J., Sell, D., & Tuomainen, J. (2011) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1597/11-116 · Cited by 29
History repeating: A roadmap to address common problems in psychedelic sciencePreprint
van Elk, M., & Fried, E. I. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ak6gx · Cited by 30
Impact of review method on the conclusions of clinical reviews: A systematic review on dietary interventions in depression as a case in point
Thomas‐Odenthal, F., Molero, P., van der Does, W. A. J., & Molendijk, M. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238131 · Cited by 27
Hunting Side Effects and Explaining Them: Should We Reverse Evidence Hierarchies Upside Down?
Osimani, B. (2013) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-013-9194-7 · Cited by 32
Thyroid Function and Clinical Outcomes in Kidney Failure
Zoccali, C., & Mallamaci, F. (2011) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.12081111 · Cited by 28
The precautionary principle in the pharmaceutical domain: a philosophical enquiry into probabilistic reasoning and risk aversion
Osimani, B. (2013) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2013.771736 · Cited by 33
A Home-Treatment Algorithm Based on Anti-inflammatory Drugs to Prevent Hospitalization of Patients With Early COVID-19: A Matched-Cohort Study (COVER 2)
Consolaro, E., Suter, F., Rubis, N., Pedroni, S., Moroni, C., Pastò, E., Paganini, M. V., Pravettoni, G., Cantarelli, U., Perico, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.785785 · Cited by 26
Association between cholinesterase inhibitors and kidney function decline in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia
Xu, H., Ptacek, S. G., Bruchfeld, A. N., Fu, E. L., Shori, T. D., Lindholm, B., Eriksdotter, M., & Carrero, J. J. (2022) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.09.022 · Cited by 26
Risk of Ischemic Cerebrovascular and Coronary Events in Adult Users of Anticonvulsant Medications in Routine Care Settings
Patorno, E., Glynn, R. J., Hernández–Dı́az, S., Avorn, J., Wahl, P. M., Bohn, R. L., Mines, D. I., Liu, J., & Schneeweiß, S. (2013) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.113.000208 · Cited by 26
Simultaneously assessing intended and unintended treatment effects of multiple treatment options: a pragmatic “matrix design”
Rassen, J. A., Solomon, D. H., Glynn, R. J., & Schneeweiß, S. (2011) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.2121 · Cited by 25
Retinal Complications in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treated with Antimalarial Drugs
Mukwikwi, E.-R., Pineau, C. A., Vinet, É., Clarke, A. E., Nashi, E. P., Kalache, F., Grenier, L.-P., & Bernatsky, S. (2019) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.181102 · Cited by 25
Exploratory analyses in aetiologic research and considerations for assessment of credibility: mini-review of literature
Luijken, K., Dekkers, O. M., Rosendaal, F. R., & Groenwold, R. H. H. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-070113 · Cited by 28
Patterns of care in the management of seminoma stage I: results from a European survey
Vossen, C. Y., Horwich, A., Daugaard, G., van Poppel, H., & Osanto, S. (2012) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10887.x · Cited by 25
An agenda for UK clinical pharmacology: Pharmacoepidemiology
Evans, S. J. W. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04248.x · Cited by 27
Effects of olanzapine on serum protein phosphorylation patterns in patients with schizophrenia
Jaros, J. A. J., Rahmoune, H., Wesseling, H., Leweke, F. M., Özcan, S., Guest, P. C., & Bahn, S. (2015) · PROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS · doi:10.1002/prca.201400148 · Cited by 24
Risk factors for failure in the management of cervical caries lesions
Wierichs, R. J., Kramer, E. J., & Meyer‐Lueckel, H. (2016) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-016-2002-1 · Cited by 25
Evaluating the Impact of Unmeasured Confounding with Internal Validation Data: An Example Cost Evaluation in Type 2 Diabetes
Faries, D. E., Peng, X., Pawaskar, M. D., Price, K., Stamey, J. D., & Seaman, J. W. (2013) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.10.012 · Cited by 24
How to improve patient safety and quality of care in breast implant surgery? First outcomes from the Dutch Breast Implant Registry (2015–2017)
Spronk, P. E. R., Becherer, B. E., Hommes, J. E., Keuter, X. H. A., Young‐Afat, D. A., Hoornweg, M. J., Wouters, M. W. J. M., Mureau, M. A. M., & Rakhorst, H. A. (2019) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2019.06.023 · Cited by 24
When observational studies are as helpful as randomized trials: Examples from orthopedic trauma
Beks, R. B., Bhashyam, A. R., Houwert, R. M., van der Velde, D., van Heijl, M., Smeeing, D. P. J., Hietbrink, F., Leenen, L. P. H., & Groenwold, R. H. H. (2019) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000002347 · Cited by 23
Is there a need for postoperative antibiotics after third molar surgery? A 5‐year retrospective study
Menon, R. K., Li, K. Y., Gopinath, D., & Botelho, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jicd.12460 · Cited by 26
Cardiorenal Outcomes Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Oral Anticoagulants
Trevisan, M., Hjemdahl, P., Clase, C. M., de Jong, Y., Evans, M., Bellocco, R., Fu, E. L., & Carrero, J. J. (2022) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.017 · Cited by 24
Traits and types of health data repositories
Wade, T. D. (2014) · Health Information Science and Systems · doi:10.1186/2047-2501-2-4 · Cited by 25
Phase III randomised chemoprevention study with selenium on the recurrence of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma. The SELEnium and BLAdder cancer Trial
Goossens, M. E., Zeegers, M. P., Poppel, H. V., Joniau, S., Ackaert, K., Ameye, F., Billiet, I., Braeckman, J., Breugelmans, A., Darras, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.021 · Cited by 23
Registering observational research: second thoughts
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60437-0 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Serious adverse events associated with pediatric complementary and alternative medicine
Zorzela, L., Boon, H., Mior, S., Yager, J., Gross, A., & Vohra, S. (2014) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2014.05.001 · Cited by 22
The Highest Attainable Standard of Evidence (HASTE) for HIV/AIDS Interventions: Toward a Public Health Approach to Defining Evidence
Baral, S., Wirtz, A. L., Sifakis, F., Johns, B., Walker, D. G., & Beyrer, C. (2012) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335491212700607 · Cited by 22
Development of an algorithm to provide awareness in choosing study designs for inclusion in systematic reviews of healthcare interventions: a method study
Peinemann, F., & Kleijnen, J. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007540 · Cited by 22
The triumph of the null hypothesis: epidemiology in an age of change
Maziak, W. (2008) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn268 · Cited by 23
Patient-driven N-of-1 in Parkinson’s Disease
Riggare, S. S., Unruh, K. T., Sturr, J., Domingos, J., Stamford, J. A., Svenningsson, P., & Hägglund, M. (2017) · Methods of Information in Medicine · doi:10.3414/me16-02-0040 · Cited by 22
Zika virus infection as a cause of congenital brain abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome: systematic reviewPreprint
Krauer, F., Riesen, M., Revéiz, L., Oladapo, O. T., Martínez-Vega, R. A., Porgo, T. V., Haefliger, A., Broutet, N. J. N., Low, N. N., & for the WHO Zika Causality Working Group (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/073098 · Cited by 23
Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis
de Bastos, M., Stegeman, B. H., Rosendaal, F. R., Vlieg, A. V. H., Helmerhorst, F. M., Stijnen, T., & Dekkers, O. M. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010813 · Cited by 22
More Than One Way to Measure? A Casuistic Approach to Cancer Clinical Trials
Andreoletti, M. (2018) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.2018.0035 · Cited by 21
What are side effects?
Due, A. (2023) · European Journal for Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s13194-023-00519-8 · Cited by 21
A population-based cohort defined risk of hyperkalemia after initiating SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP1 receptor agonists or DPP-4 inhibitors to patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes
Fu, E. L., Mastrorilli, J. M., Bykov, K., Wexler, D. J., Cervone, A., Lin, K. J., Patorno, E., & Paik, J. M. (2023) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2023.11.025 · Cited by 22
Risk management of biosimilars in oncology: each medicine is a work in progress
Vulto, A. G., & Crow, S. A. (2012) · Targeted Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11523-011-0188-3 · Cited by 21
Pre-study feasibility and identifying sensitivity analyses for protocol pre-specification in comparative effectiveness research
Girman, C. J., Faries, D. E., Ryan, P. B., Rotelli, M., Belger, M. A., Binkowitz, B. S., & O’Neill, R. T. (2014) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.2217/cer.14.16 · Cited by 20
Hollow Hunt for Harms
Stegenga, J. (2016) · Perspectives on Science · doi:10.1162/posc_a_00220 · Cited by 24
Authors' Response: A further plea for adherence to the principles underlying science in general and the epidemiologic enterprise in particular
Boffetta, P., McLaughlin, J. K., Vecchia, C. L., Tarone, R. E., Lipworth, L., & Blot, W. J. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn362 · Cited by 21
Are small observational studies sufficient evidence for a recommendation of head-up sleeping in all patients with debilitating orthostatic hypotension? MacLean and Allen revisited after 70 years
Wieling, W., Raj, S. R., & Thijs, R. D. (2009) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-009-0522-3 · Cited by 21
Assessment of the association between periodontal disease and total cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis
Wang, K., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14320 · Cited by 20
Marital Status Differences in Loneliness Among Older Americans During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Liu, H., Copeland, M., Nowak, G. R., Chopik, W. J., & Oh, J. (2023) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-023-09822-x · Cited by 24
A prospective follow-up study of the effects of chronic aircraft noise exposure on learners’ reading comprehension in South Africa
Seabi, J., Cockcroft, K., Goldschagg, P., & Greyling, M. (2013) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/jes.2013.71 · Cited by 20
Evidence, knowledge, implementation: glossary of terminology
Barbui, C. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796016001037 · Cited by 19
Todayʼs Challenges in Pharmacovigilance
Ebbers, H. C., Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K., Moors, E. H. M., Schellekens, H., & Leufkens, H. G. M. (2011) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/11586350-000000000-00000 · Cited by 18
Single case methodology in neurobehavioural rehabilitation: Preliminary findings on biofeedback in the treatment of challenging behaviour
O’Neill, B., & Findlay, G. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.915856 · Cited by 20
Opportunities for Enhancing the FDA Guidance on Pharmacovigilance
Psaty, B. M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.8.952 · Cited by 18
Quantifying the Child–Therapist Interaction in ASD Intervention: An Observational Coding System
Bertamini, G., Bentenuto, A., Perzolli, S., Paolizzi, E., Furlanello, C., & Venuti, P. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11030366 · Cited by 19
Current outcomes of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: evidence from real world practice
Davierwala, P. M. (2016) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.10.102 · Cited by 20
Study methodology in trauma care: towards question-based study designs
Houwert, R., Beks, R., Dijkgraaf, M., Roes, K., Öner, F., Hietbrink, F., Leenen, L., & Groenwold, R. (2019) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-019-01248-5 · Cited by 15
Arteriovenous fistula as a nephroprotective intervention in advanced CKD: scientific discovery and explanation, and the evaluation of interventions
Locatelli, F., & Zoccali, C. (2015) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv281 · Cited by 17
Cost Effectiveness of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Monotherapy in Patients with Hypertension in the Netherlands
Boersma, C., Voors, A. A., Visser, S. T., den Berg, L. T. W. D. J., & Postma, M. J. (2010) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.2165/11319570-000000000-00000 · Cited by 17
Research methodology and practical issues relating to the conduct of a medical device registry
Bisdas, T., Bohan, P., Lescan, M., Zeebregts, C. J., Teßarek, J., van Herwaarden, J. A., van den Berg, J. C., Setacci, C., & Riambau, V. (2019) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774519855395 · Cited by 17
A Classic Herbal Formula Guizhi Fuling Wan for Menopausal Hot Flushes: From Experimental Findings to Clinical Applications
Li, M., Hung, A., Li, H., & Yang, A. W. H. (2019) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines7030060 · Cited by 17
Causality in medicine with particular reference to the viral causation of cancers
Clarke, B. (2011) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 17
Luteinizing hormone-follicle stimulating hormone ratio as biological predictor of post-partum depression
Pillai, R. R., Sharon, L., Premkumar, N. R., Kattimani, S., Sagili, H., & Rajendiran, S. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.001 · Cited by 17
Reviewing the Mechanistic Evidence Assessors E-Synthesis and EBM+: A Case Study of Amoxicillin and Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)
Abdin, A. Y., Auker‐Howlett, D., Landes, J., Mulla, G., Jacob, C., & Osimani, B. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666190628160603 · Cited by 17
Ranking evidence in substance use and addiction
Reddon, H., Kerr, T. H., & Milloy, M. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102840 · Cited by 20
Outbreaks of publications about emerging infectious diseases: the case of SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus
Ipekci, A. M., Buitrago‐García, D., Meili, K. W., Krauer, F., Prajapati, N., Thapa, S., Wildisen, L., Araujo-Chaveron, L., Baumann, L., Shah, S., et al. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01244-7 · Cited by 16
An Epidemiological Prospective Study of Children’s Health and Annoyance Reactions to Aircraft Noise Exposure in South Africa
Seabi, J. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10072760 · Cited by 16
Expanding our perspectives on research in musculoskeletal science and practice
Kerry, R. (2017) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2017.10.004 · Cited by 16
Are randomised trials needed in the era of rapidly evolving technologies?☆
Treasure, T. (2008) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.08.032 · Cited by 17
Meglumine antimoniate was associated with a higher cure rate than liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis: A retrospective cohort study from a Leishmania braziliensis-endemic area
Barroso, D. H., Gonçalves, R. T., Barbosa, J. S., da Motta, J. D. O. C., Freire, G. S. M., Gomes, C. M., & Sampaio, R. N. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.993338 · Cited by 15
Observational studies in Alzheimer disease: bridging preclinical studies and clinical trials
Brenowitz, W. D., & Yaffe, K. S. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00733-7 · Cited by 16
Assessment of chance should be removed from protocols for investigating cancer clusters
Coory, M. D., & Jordan, S. J. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys205 · Cited by 15
Local control for identifying subgroups of interest in observational research: persistence of treatment for major depressive disorder
Faries, D. E., Chen, Y., Lipkovich, I. A., Zagar, A. J., Liu, X., & Obenchain, R. L. (2013) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1390 · Cited by 15
Heterogeneity: we can't live with it, and we can't live without it
Davidoff, F. (2011) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs.2010.046094 · Cited by 14
Methodological challenges in monitoring new treatments for rare diseases: lessons from the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome registry
Tilson, H. H., Primatesta, P., Kim, D. S., Rauer, B., Hawkins, P. N., Hoffman, H. M., Kuemmerle-Deschner, J. B., van der Poll, T., & Walker, U. A. (2013) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/1750-1172-8-139 · Cited by 14
Family centre in the Nordic Countries : A Meeting Point for Children and Families
Kekkonen, M., Montonen, M., & Viitala, R. (2012) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 14
Prediction models of diabetes complications: a scoping review
Ndjaboué, R., Ngueta, G., Rochefort-Brihay, C., Delorme, S., Guay, D., Ivers, N. M., Shah, B. R., Straus, S. E., Yu, C. H. Y., Comeau, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2021-217793 · Cited by 14
Antihypertensive Drug Treatment and the Risk for Intrahemodialysis Hypotension
Zoccali, C., Tripepi, G. L., Carioni, P., Fu, E. L., Dekker, F. W., Stel, V. S., Jager, K. J., Mallamaci, F., Hymes, J. L., Maddux, F. W., et al. (2024) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000000000521 · Cited by 13
Post-approval trials of new medicines: widening use or deepening knowledge? Analysis of 10 years of etanercept
van Luijn, J., Danz, M., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Gribnau, F. W. J., & Leufkens, H. G. M. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3109/03009742.2010.509102 · Cited by 13
From protocol to published report: a study of consistency in the reporting of academic drug trials
Berendt, L., Callréus, T., Petersen, L. G., Bach, K. F., Poulsen, H. E., & Dalhoff, K. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1189-4 · Cited by 16
Defining Aspects of Mechanisms: Evidence-Based Mechanism (Evidence for a Mechanism), Mechanism-Based Evidence (Evidence from a Mechanism), and Mechanistic Reasoning
Aronson, J. K. (2020) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29179-2_1 · Cited by 13
Organising a manuscript reporting quality improvement or patient safety research
Holzmueller, C. G., & Pronovost, P. J. (2013) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001603 · Cited by 13
Recent Trends in Economic Methodology: A Literature Review
Mireles-Flores, L. (2018) · Research in the history of economic thought and methodology · doi:10.1108/s0743-41542018000036a008 · Cited by 14
COVID-19, host response treatment, and the need for political leadership
Fedson, D. S. (2020) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.1057/s41271-020-00266-7 · Cited by 13
The 2015 Garrod Lecture: Why is improvement difficult?
Davey, P. G. (2015) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkv214 · Cited by 13
Viewpoint: The skeptical epidemiologist
Vineis, P. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn361 · Cited by 13
Postmarketing studies of drug safety
Schneeweiß, S., & Avorn, J. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d342 · Cited by 13
Incidence and nature of adverse drug events in paediatric intensive care units: A prospective multicentre study
Alghamdi, A. A., Keers, R. N., Sutherland, A. B., Hann, M., Gray, J., Mason, G., Isaac, R. E., & Ashcroft, D. M. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.15150 · Cited by 12
Impediments to Comparative Clinical Trials With Proton Therapy
Cox, J. D. (2015) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.09.036 · Cited by 12
Informatics in Action
Hirsch, B. R., Giffin, R. B., Esmail, L., Tunis, S., Abernethy, A. P., & Murphy, S. B. (2011) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0b013e31822c3944 · Cited by 12

Authors: Vandenbroucke, J. P.
Affiliations: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NL)
Corresponding author: Vandenbroucke, Jan P
ORCID: Vandenbroucke, Jan P
Venue: PLoS Medicine
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2008-03-11
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: e67
ISSN: 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
1549-1676
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050067
PMC: PMC2265762
OpenAlex: W2090226269
Cited by: 416
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 30.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
Keywords: observational studies, randomised trials, medical sciences, intervention evaluation, philosophy of medicine
MeSH terms: Contraceptives, Oral, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Factor V, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Case-Control Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Biomedical Research, Venous Thromboembolism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Observational Research, Randomised Trials, and Two Views of Medical Science

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks