The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Observational Research, Randomised Trials, and Two Views of Medical Science
Open accessAbstract
Two views exist of medical science, says the author, one emphasizing discovery and explanation, the other emphasizing evaluation of interventions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Because the strengths and limitations of methods used to conduct research with routinely collected data may be contentious, a clear description of a study’s objectives is essential [23,24].”
From The Reporting of Studies Conducted Using Observational Routinely-Collected Health Data (RECORD) statement. (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020
Self-citationGenome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Management Committee, Burton, P. R., Clayton, D. G., Cardon, L. R., Craddock, N., Deloukas, P., Duncanson, A., Kwiatkowski, D. P., McCarthy, M. I., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05911 · Cited by 9,442
From the New York Times Magazine
Minsky, & Hyman, P. (1979) · Cited by 6,899
No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons.
Rothman, K. J. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199001000-00010 · Cited by 5,965
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2005.10722754 · Cited by 4,702 · cited 1×
“The importance of the prior odds at which research is started was highlighted in a paper describing “Why most research findings are false” [45].”
BackgroundClinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine.
(1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-9-825_9 · Cited by 3,497
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, U.K.
Mossman, K. (2008) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0108-42a · Cited by 2,714
Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung
Doll, R., & Hill, A. B. (1950) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739 · Cited by 1,999
RE: “ESTIMABILITY AND ESTIMATION IN CASE-REFERENT STUDIES”
Halperin, M. (1977) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112409 · Cited by 1,546
Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference.
Bartlett, M. S., & Fisher, R. A. (1957) · Biometrika · doi:10.2307/2333276 · Cited by 1,294
Research works printed but not linked: 27
- Laine, 2007, N Engl J Med, 356, 2734
- Vandenbroucke, 1994, Lancet, 344, 1453
- Vandenbroucke, 2001, N Engl J Med, 344, 1527
- Vandenbroucke, 2005, N Engl J Med, 353, 1297
- Glasziou, 2007, BMJ, 334, 349
- Vandenbroucke, 2001, Ann Intern Med, 134, 330
- Vandenbroucke, 2004, Lancet, 363, 1728
- Schulz, 2002, Lancet, 359, 614
- Miettinen, 1983, Stat Med, 2, 267
- Vandenbroucke, 2006, CMAJ, 174, 645
- Papanikolaou, 2006, CMAJ, 174, 635
- Jick, 1978, Am J Epidemiol, 107, 1
- Djulbegovic, 2000, Lancet, 356, 635
- Kumar, 2005, BMJ, 331, 1295
- Rothman, 1990, Epidemiology, 1, 43
- Greenland, 2007, Int J Epidemiol, 36, 944
- Lipton, 2005, Science, 307, 219
- Brush, 2005, Science, 308, 1409
- Rothwell, 2005, Lancet, 365, 176
- Joost, 2002, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165, 795
- Goodman, 1998, Am J Epidemiol, 147, 807
- Moonesinghe, 2007, PLoS Med, 4, e28
- Khoury, 2007, Int J Epidemiol, 36, 439
- Maclure, 1993, Epidemiol Rev, 15, 328
- Mayes, 1988, Int J Epidemiol, 17, 680
- Schulz, 2002, Lancet, 359, 431
- Gould, 2000, Science, 287, 253
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Benchimol, E. I., Smeeth, L., Guttmann, A., Harron, K., Moher, D., Petersen, I., Sørensen, H. T., von Elm, E., Langan, S. M., & RECORD Working Committee (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001885 · Cited by 5,749
Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses
Vandenberg, L. N., Colborn, T., Hayes, T. B., Heindel, J. J., Jacobs, D. R., Lee, D.-H., Shioda, T., Soto, A. M., vom Saal, F. S., Welshons, W. V., et al. (2012) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2011-1050 · Cited by 3,209
Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy
Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., Armitage, J., Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Blumenthal, R., Danesh, J., Smith, G. D., DeMets, D., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31357-5 · Cited by 1,857
Why Most Discovered True Associations Are Inflated
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31818131e7 · Cited by 1,495
Caspi, A., Hariri, A. R., Holmes, A., Uher, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101452 · Cited by 1,346
Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes: A User’s Guide
(2020) · doi:10.23970/ahrqepcregistries4 · Cited by 974
A Trial of Sugar-free or Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Body Weight in Children
de Ruyter, J. C., Olthof, M. R., Seidell, J. C., & Katan, M. B. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203034 · Cited by 814
Demystifying theory and its use in improvement
Davidoff, F., Dixon-Woods, M., Leviton, L., & Michie, S. (2015) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003627 · Cited by 714
Challenges in evaluating surgical innovation
Ergina, P., Cook, J. A., Blazeby, J. M., Boutron, I., Clavien, P., Reeves, B. C., & Seiler, C. M. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61086-2 · Cited by 653
Selective drop-out in longitudinal studies and non-biased prediction of behaviour disorders
Dieter Wolke, C., Waylen, A. E., Samara, M. M., Steer, C. D., Goodman, R., Ford, T. J., & Lamberts, K. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.053751 · Cited by 628
Molendijk, M., Molero, P., Ortuño Sánchez-Pedreño, F., Van der Does, W., & Angel Martínez-González, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.022 · Cited by 550
Long-term cardiometabolic disease risk in women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wekker, V, van Dammen, L., Koning, A., Heida, K. Y., Painter, R. C., Limpens, J., Laven, J. S. E., Roeters van Lennep, J. E., Roseboom, T. J., & Hoek, A. (2020) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmaa029 · Cited by 425
Berger, M. L., Mamdani, M., Atkins, D. C., & Johnson, M. L. (2009) · Value in Health · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2009.00600.x · Cited by 408
Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis
de Bastos, M., Stegeman, B. H., Rosendaal, F. R., Vlieg, A. V. H., Helmerhorst, F. M., Stijnen, T., & Dekkers, O. M. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010813.pub2 · Cited by 416
Cohort Studies: Prospective versus Retrospective
Euser, A. M., Zoccali, C., Jager, K. J., & Dekker, F. W. (2009) · Nephron Clinical Practice · doi:10.1159/000235241 · Cited by 432
The False-positive to False-negative Ratio in Epidemiologic Studies
Ioannidis, J. P. A., Tarone, R., & McLaughlin, J. K. (2011) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31821b506e · Cited by 321
Golder, S., Loke, Y. K., & Bland, M. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001026 · Cited by 279
Anticonvulsant Medications and the Risk of Suicide, Attempted Suicide, or Violent Death
Patorno, E. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.410 · Cited by 243
Review of the effects of citizenship education
Geboers, E., Geijsel, F. P., Admiraal, W., & Dam, G. T. M. T. (2012) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2012.02.001 · Cited by 234
Balancing early market access to new drugs with the need for benefit/risk data: a mounting dilemma
Eichler, H., Pignatti, F., Flamion, B., Leufkens, H. G. M., & Breckenridge, A. M. (2008) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2664 · Cited by 235
Why Observational Studies Should Be Among The Tools Used In Comparative Effectiveness Research
Dreyer, N. A., Tunis, S., Berger, M. L., Ollendorf, D., Mattox, P. W., & Gliklich, R. E. (2010) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0666 · Cited by 203
Ospina-Tascón, G. A., Umaña, M., Bermúdez, W., Bautista, D. F., Valencia, J. D., Madriñán-Navia, H. J., Glenn Hernández, P., Bruhn, A. R., Arango-Dávila, C. A., & Backer, D. D. (2015) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-015-4133-2 · Cited by 209
Pursuing the Triple Aim: The First 7 Years
WHITTINGTON, J. W., Nolan, K. M., Lewis, N., & Torres, T. (2015) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12122 · Cited by 195
Target Trial Emulation to Improve Causal Inference from Observational Data: What, Why, and How?
Fu, E. L. (2023) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.0000000000000152 · Cited by 207
van den Brand, J. A. J. G., Ruggenenti, P. L., Chianca, A., Hofstra, J. M., Perna, A., Ruggiero, B., Wetzels, J. F. M., & Remuzzi, G. (2017) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2016091022 · Cited by 187
Wang, X., & Kattan, M. W. (2020) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.014 · Cited by 190
The “Efficacy-Effectiveness Gap”: Historical Background and Current Conceptualization
Nordon, C., Karcher, H., Groenwold, R. H. H., Ankarfeldt, M. Z., Pichler, F., Chevrou-Severac, H., Rossignol, M., Abbe, A., & Abenhaim, L. (2016) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.2938 · Cited by 177
Relative efficacy of drugs: an emerging issue between regulatory agencies and third-party payers
Eichler, H., Bloechl‐Daum, B., Abadie, E., Barnett, D. B., König, F., & Pearson, S. D. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3079 · Cited by 179
Why all randomised controlled trials produce biased results
Krauß, A. (2018) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2018.1453233 · Cited by 187
Use of Aspirin postdiagnosis improves survival for colon cancer patients
Bastiaannet, E., Sampieri, K., Dekkers, O. M., de Craen, A. J. M., van Herk‐Sukel, M. P. P., Lemmens, V. E. P. P., van den Broek, C. B. M., Coebergh, J. W. W., Herings, R. M. C., van de Velde, C. J. �., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.101 · Cited by 171
Nationwide implementation of adjunctive dexamethasone therapy for pneumococcal meningitis
Brouwer, M. C., Heckenberg, S. G. B., de Gans, J., Spanjaard, L., Reitsma, J. B., & van de Beek, D. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f96297 · Cited by 172
Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Colorectal Cancer: The PulMiCC Trial
Treasure, T., Fallowfield, L. J., & Lees, B. (2010) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0b013e3181dca239 · Cited by 161
Registration of observational studies: Is it time?
Williams, R. J., Tse, T., Harlan, W. R., & Zarin, D. A. (2010) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.092252 · Cited by 152
Peat, G., Riley, R. D., Croft, P. R., Morley, K. I., Kyzas, P., Moons, K. G. M., Perel, P., Steyerberg, E. W., Schroter, S., Altman, D. G., et al. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001671 · Cited by 152
the Asynchronies in the Intensive Care Unit (ASYNICU) Group, de Haro, C., Ochagavía, A., López‐Aguilar, J., Fernández‐Gonzalo, S., Navarra‐Ventura, G., Magrans, R., Montanyà, J., & Blanch, L. L. (2019) · Intensive Care Medicine Experimental · doi:10.1186/s40635-019-0234-5 · Cited by 156
The Controversies of Statin Therapy
Jukema, J. W., Cannon, C. P., de Craen, A. J. M., Westendorp, R. G. J., & Trompet, S. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.007 · Cited by 157
History repeating: guidelines to address common problems in psychedelic science
van Elk, M., & Fried, E. I. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253231198466 · Cited by 137
Registration of observational studies
Loder, E., Groves, T., & Macauley, D. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c950 · Cited by 131
Visser, S. T., Schuiling‐Veninga, C. C. M., Bos, J., den Berg, L. T. D. J.-V., & Postma, M. J. (2013) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1586/erp.13.20 · Cited by 130
The contribution of case study research to knowledge of how to improve quality of care
Baker, G. R. (2011) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs.2010.046490 · Cited by 153
Trajectories of change in depression severity during treatment with antidepressants
Uher, R., Muthén, B., Souery, D., Mors, O. N., Jaracz, J., Placentino, A., Petrovic, A., Zobel, A. W., Henigsberg, N., Rietschel, M., et al. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991528 · Cited by 128
Making Prospective Registration of Observational Research a Reality
Dal-Ré, R., Ioannidis, J. P., Bracken, M. B., Buffler, P. A., Chan, A.-W., Franco, E. L., La Vecchia, C., & Weiderpass, E. (2014) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007513 · Cited by 123
Probiotic milk consumption in pregnancy and infancy and subsequent childhood allergic diseases
Bertelsen, R. J., Brantsæter, A. L., Magnus, M. C., Haugen, M. A., Myhre, R., Jacobsson, B., Longnecker, M. P., Meltzer, H. M., & London, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.032 · Cited by 123
Nicholls, E. E., Thomas, E., van der Windt, D., Croft, P. R., & Peat, G. (2014) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.09.026 · Cited by 120
Ribavirin for patients with Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Aşçıoğlu, S., Leblebicioğlu, H., Vahaboğlu, H., & Chan, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkr136 · Cited by 121
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.003 · Cited by 111
Self-citationHeterogeneity Is Not Always Noise
Davidoff, F. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1845 · Cited by 117
Uncertainty in Clinical Medicine
Djulbegović, B., Hozo, I., & Greenland, S. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-51787-6.50011-8 · Cited by 115
The Value of Statistical Analysis Plans in Observational Research
Thomas, L. E., & Peterson, E. D. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.9502 · Cited by 104
Physical countermeasures to increase orthostatic tolerance
Wieling, W., van Dijk, N., Thijs, R. D., de Lange, F. J., Krediet, C. T. P., & Halliwill, J. R. (2014) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12249 · Cited by 101
Evidence-Based Medicine Versus Personalized Medicine
de León, J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182491383 · Cited by 98
Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines
Hollon, S. D., Areán, P. A., Craske, M. G., Crawford, K. A., Kivlahan, D. R., Magnavita, J. J., Ollendick, T. H., Sexton, T. L., Spring, B. J., Bufka, L. F., et al. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185529 · Cited by 103
Flouri, I. D., Markatseli, T. E., Voulgari, P. V., Boki, K. A., Papadopoulos, I. A., Settas, L., Zisopoulos, D., Skopouli, F. N., Iliopoulos, A., Bertsias, G. K., et al. (2013) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.07.011 · Cited by 95
Kitsios, G. D., Dahabreh, I. J., Callahan, S. P., Paulus, J. K., Campagna, A. C., & Dargin, J. (2015) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001135 · Cited by 92
Benchimol, E. I., Smeeth, L. L., Guttmann, A., Harron, K. L., Hemkens, L. G., Moher, D., Petersen, I., Sørensen, H. T., von Elm, E. B., & Langan, S. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Evidenz Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1016/j.zefq.2016.07.010 · Cited by 98
Peinemann, F., Tushabe, D. A., & Kleijnen, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085035 · Cited by 92
Stegenga, J. (2013) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-013-9189-4 · Cited by 95
Pilotto, A., Veronese, N., Daragjati, J., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Polidori, M. C., Mattace-Raso, F. U. S., Paccalin, M., Topinková, E., Siri, G., Greco, A., et al. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly239 · Cited by 84
Kangwana, B. P., Kedenge, S. V., Noor, A. M., Alegana, V. A., Nyandigisi, A. J., Pandit, J. M., Fegan, G., Todd, J., BROOKER, S. J., Snow, R. W., et al. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000437 · Cited by 82
Bonten, T. N., Rauwerdink, A., Wyatt, J. C., Kasteleyn, M. J., Witkamp, L., Riper, H. M., van Gemert‐Pijnen, J. E. W. C., Cresswell, K. M., Sheikh, A., Schijven, M. P., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17774 · Cited by 90
Lost to follow‐up in the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study
Vejrup, K., Magnus, P. M., & Magnus, M. C. (2021) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12821 · Cited by 78
Caspi, A., Hariri, A. R., Holmes, A., Uher, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.8.3.foc398 · Cited by 79
Nonexperimental Comparative Effectiveness Research Using Linked Healthcare Databases
Stürmer, T., Funk, M. J., Poole, C., & Brookhart, M. A. (2011) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318212640c · Cited by 73
Analytical studies: a framework for quality improvement design and analysis: Figure 1
Provost, L. P. (2011) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs.2011.051557 · Cited by 72
Hemilä, H., & Kaprio, J. A. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn413 · Cited by 71
Pharmacoepidemiology for nephrologists (part 2): potential biases and how to overcome them
Fu, E. L., van Diepen, M., Xu, Y., Trevisan, M., Dekker, F. W., Zoccali, C., Jager, K. J., & Carrero, J. J. (2020) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaa242 · Cited by 69
The critical role of observational evidence in comparative effectiveness research.
Fleurence, R., Naci, H., & Jansen, J. (2010) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0630 · Cited by 74
Exporting "failure": why research from rich countries may not benefit the developing world
Miranda, J. J., & Zaman, M. (2010) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102010000100020 · Cited by 65
Safe Drugs and the Cost of Good Intentions
Eichler, H., Abadie, E., Raine, J. M., & Salmonson, T. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp0900092 · Cited by 63
Balloon Dilatation and Stenting for Aortic Coarctation
Salcher‐Konrad, M., Naci, H., Law, T. J., Kühne, T., Schubert, S., Kelm, M., Morley‐Fletcher, E., Kühne, T., Hennemuth, A., Manset, D., et al. (2016) · Circulation Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1161/circinterventions.115.003153 · Cited by 59
Understanding contexts: how explanatory theories can help
Davidoff, F. (2019) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-019-0872-8 · Cited by 74
Pacurariu, A. C., Coloma, P. M., van Haren, A., Genov, G., Sturkenboom, M., & Straus, S. M. J. M. (2014) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-014-0240-1 · Cited by 58
The Role of Observational Investigations in Comparative Effectiveness Research
Marko, N. F., & Weil, R. J. (2010) · Value in Health · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00786.x · Cited by 57
Randomized study designs for lifestyle interventions: a tutorial
Younge, J. O., Kouwenhoven-Pasmooij, T. A., Freak-Poli, R., Roos-Hesselink, J. W., & Hunink, M. M. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv183 · Cited by 57
Improving the Safety of Medicines in the European Union: From Signals to Action
Potts, J., Genov, G., Segec, A., Raine, J. M., Straus, S. M. J. M., & Arlett, P. R. (2019) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.1678 · Cited by 57
The Use and Misuse of Biomedical Data: Is Bigger Really Better?
Hoffman, S., & Podgurski, A. (2013) · American Journal of Law & Medicine · doi:10.1177/009885881303900401 · Cited by 60
Durg, S., Shivaram, S. B., & Bavage, S. (2017) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.11.011 · Cited by 56
Patient-focused Internet interventions in reproductive medicine: a scoping review
Aarts, J. W. M., van den Haak, P., Nelen, W. L. D. M., Tuil, W. S., Faber, M. J., & Kremer, J. A. M. (2012) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr045 · Cited by 52
Alhussain, F. H., AlRuthia, Y. S., Al-Mandeel, H. M., Bellahwal, A., Alharbi, F., Almogbel, Y. S., Awwad, O., Dala'een, R., & Alharbi, F. A. (2020) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s244273 · Cited by 55
Hourfar, J., Bister, D., Kanavakis, G., Lisson, J. A., & Ludwig, B. (2017) · Head & Face Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13005-017-0147-z · Cited by 54
Huang, W., Xiang, H., Hu, C., Wu, T., Zhang, D., Ma, S., Hu, B., & Li, J. (2023) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005851 · Cited by 54
Perioperative effectiveness research using large databases
Freundlich, R. E., & Kheterpal, S. (2011) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2011.08.008 · Cited by 53
Eskola, S. M., Leufkens, H. G. M., Bate, A., Bruin, M. L. D., & Gardarsdóttir, H. (2021) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.2462 · Cited by 52
The judgement process in evidence-based medicine and health technology assessment
Kelly, M. P., & Moore, T. A. (2011) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/sth.2011.21 · Cited by 52
Kroi, F., Fischer, N. C., Gezin, A., Hashim, M., & Rozenbaum, M. H. (2020) · Cardiology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40119-020-00205-3 · Cited by 50
Complementary Therapy Systems and Their Integrative Evaluation
Kienle, G. S., Albonico, H. U., Fischer, L., Frei-Erb, M., Hamre, H. J., Heusser, P., Matthiessen, P. F., Renfer, A., & Kiene, H. (2011) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2011.02.001 · Cited by 50
Statin use and clinical outcomes in older men: a prospective population-based study
Gnjidic, D., Couteur, D. G. L., Blyth, F., Travison, T., Rogers, K. D., Naganathan, V., Cumming, R. G., Waite, L. M., Seibel, M. J., Handelsman, D. J., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002333 · Cited by 48
Cao, Z., Derudder, B., & Peng, Z. (2019) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1111/pirs.12438 · Cited by 51
Formalism or pluralism? A reply to commentaries on ‘Causality and causal inference in epidemiology’
Broadbent, A., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Pearce, N. E. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw298 · Cited by 49
Self-citationXu, Y., Fu, E. L., Clase, C. M., Mazhar, F., Jardine, M., & Carrero, J. J. (2021) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2021.10.033 · Cited by 50
Systems of service: reflections on the moral foundations of improvement
Davidoff, F. (2011) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs.2010.046177 · Cited by 46
Suter, F., Consolaro, E., Pedroni, S., Moroni, C., Pastò, E., Paganini, M. V., Pravettoni, G., Cantarelli, U., Rubis, N., Perico, N., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100941 · Cited by 47
Benchmarking Controlled Trial—a novel concept covering all observational effectiveness studies
Malmivaara, A. O. V. (2015) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2015.1027255 · Cited by 53
Naumann-Winter, F., Greb, A., Borchmann, P., Bohlius, J., Engert, A., & Schnell, R. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004626.pub3 · Cited by 49
Clinically relevant drug interactions between newer antidepressants and oral anticoagulants
Spina, E., Barbieri, M. A., Cicala, G., Bruno, A., & de León, J. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2020.1700952 · Cited by 44
When and how to use data from randomised trials to develop or validate prognostic models
Pajouheshnia, R., Groenwold, R. H. H., Peelen, L. M., Reitsma, J. B., & Moons, K. G. M. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l2154 · Cited by 45
Evaluating large-scale health programmes at a district level in resource-limited countries
Svoronos, T., & Mate, K. S. (2011) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.11.088138 · Cited by 41
Fu, E. L., Wexler, D. J., CROMER, S. J., Bykov, K., Paik, J. M., & Patorno, E. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078483 · Cited by 40
From ideas to studies: how to get ideas and sharpen them into research questions
Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Pearce, N. E. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s142940 · Cited by 39
Self-citationOldenburg, B. F., Absetz, P., Dunbar, J., Reddy, P., & O'Neil, A. E. (2011) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-011-0046-y · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Vandenbroucke, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Vandenbroucke, Jan P
- ORCID
- Vandenbroucke, Jan P
- Venue
- PLoS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2008-03-11
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e67
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC2265762
- OpenAlex
- W2090226269
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 30.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Keywords
- observational studies, randomised trials, medical sciences, intervention evaluation, philosophy of medicine
- MeSH terms
- Contraceptives, Oral, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Factor V, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Case-Control Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Biomedical Research, Venous Thromboembolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

