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Vitamin D and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study
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BACKGROUND: Observational studies have demonstrated an association between decreased vitamin D level and risk of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, it remains unclear whether this relationship is causal. We undertook a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to evaluate whether genetically lowered vitamin D level influences the risk of MS. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) level from SUNLIGHT, the largest (n = 33,996) genome-wide association study to date for vitamin D. Four SNPs were genome-wide significant for 25OHD level (p-values ranging from 6 × 10-10 to 2 × 10-109), and all four SNPs lay in, or near, genes strongly implicated in separate mechanisms influencing 25OHD. We then ascertained their effect on 25OHD level in 2,347 participants from a population-based cohort, the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, and tested the extent to which the 25OHD-decreasing alleles explained variation in 25OHD level. We found that the count of 25OHD-decreasing alleles across these four SNPs was strongly associated with lower 25OHD level (n = 2,347, F-test statistic = 49.7, p = 2.4 × 10-12). Next, we conducted an MR study to describe the effect of genetically lowered 25OHD on the odds of MS in the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium study, the largest genetic association study to date for MS (including up to 14,498 cases and 24,091 healthy controls). Alleles were weighted by their relative effect on 25OHD level, and sensitivity analyses were performed to test MR assumptions. MR analyses found that each genetically determined one-standard-deviation decrease in log-transformed 25OHD level conferred a 2.0-fold increase in the odds of MS (95% CI: 1.7-2.5; p = 7.7 × 10-12; I2 = 63%, 95% CI: 0%-88%). This result persisted in sensitivity analyses excluding SNPs possibly influenced by population stratification or pleiotropy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3-2.2; p = 2.3 × 10-5; I2 = 47%, 95% CI: 0%-85%) and including only SNPs involved in 25OHD synthesis or metabolism (ORsynthesis = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.6-2.6, p = 1 × 10-9; ORmetabolism = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-2.7, p = 0.002). While these sensitivity analyses decreased the possibility that pleiotropy may have biased the results, residual pleiotropy is difficult to exclude entirely. CONCLUSIONS: A genetically lowered 25OHD level is strongly associated with increased susceptibility to MS. Whether vitamin D sufficiency can delay, or prevent, MS onset merits further investigation in long-term randomized controlled trials.
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“These findings suggest an important role of vitamin D in autoantibody production and ASD pathogenesis, perhaps similar to other autoimmune diseases, such as MS and systemic lupus erythematosus [172,174].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [174]
In the citing paper
“For the special case of a one-sample analysis with a binary disease outcome, if the genetic associations with the exposure are estimated in the controls only, then genetic associations with the exposure and outcome will not be correlated, and bias will follow the pattern of the two-sample setting 42 .”
From Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“In this case, the direction and size of the bias varies linearly depending on the degree of overlap (formally, depending on the degree of correlation between the genetic association estimates).”
From Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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“However, as several large consortia have overlapping studies, participants may overlap between the datasets used to estimate the genetic associations with the exposure and outcome 42 .”
From Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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Vitamin D and head and neck cancer : an examination of causality and mechanisms
Dudding, T. (2019) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol)
Environmental risk factors for the occurrence of multiple sclerosis
Biström, M. (2020) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University)
Vitamin D as a modifier of genomic function and phenotypic expression during pregnancy
Hollis, B. W., & Wagner, C. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813862-5.00015-3
Understanding the complexity of Multiple Sclerosis: A short communication
Wardhan, R., Tanwar, A., Gupta, A., & Sharma, R. (2020) · JoLS Journal of Life Sciences · doi:10.36069/jols/20201206
Multiple sclerosis risk with air pollution
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mokry, L. E., Ross, S., Ahmad, O. S., Forgetta, V., Smith, G. D., Leong, A., Greenwood, C. M. T., Thanassoulis, G., & Richards, J. B.
- Affiliations
- Jewish General Hospital (CA)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Richards, J. Brent
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-08-25
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e1001866
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC4549308
- OpenAlex
- W2152795085
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 40.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2016-03-02)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- Canadian Diabetes Association
- Jewish General Hospital
- Servier
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (119462_1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, causal relationship, sun exposure, single nucleotide polymorphisms, pleiotropy, population stratification, vitamin D supplementation, disease risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Europe, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis, Risk Factors, Vitamin D Deficiency, Linkage Disequilibrium, Risk Assessment, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study, Mendelian Randomization Analysis
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