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Keeping in touch with one’s self: multisensory mechanisms of self-consciousness
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The spatial unity between self and body can be disrupted by employing conflicting visual-somatosensory bodily input, thereby bringing neurological observations on bodily self-consciousness under scientific scrutiny. Here we designed a novel paradigm linking the study of bodily self-consciousness to the spatial representation of visuo-tactile stimuli by measuring crossmodal congruency effects (CCEs) for the full body. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We measured full body CCEs by attaching four vibrator-light pairs to the trunks (backs) of subjects who viewed their bodies from behind via a camera and a head mounted display (HMD). Subjects made speeded elevation (up/down) judgments of the tactile stimuli while ignoring light stimuli. To modulate self-identification for the seen body subjects were stroked on their backs with a stick and the felt stroking was either synchronous or asynchronous with the stroking that could be seen via the HMD. We found that (1) tactile stimuli were mislocalized towards the seen body (2) CCEs were modulated systematically during visual-somatosensory conflict when subjects viewed their body but not when they viewed a body-sized object, i.e. CCEs were larger during synchronous than during asynchronous stroking of the body and (3) these changes in the mapping of tactile stimuli were induced in the same experimental condition in which predictable changes in bodily self-consciousness occurred. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data reveal that systematic alterations in the mapping of tactile stimuli occur in a full body illusion and thus establish CCE magnitude as an online performance proxy for subjective changes in global bodily self-consciousness.
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TL;DR
This paper links full-body multisensory conflict to tactile spatial representation by measuring crossmodal congruency effects (CCEs) for vibrotactile targets and LED distractors on the back. It reports that full-body CCEs are modulated by seeing one’s body and by synchronous versus asynchronous stroking, and that these changes accompany altered self-identification and self-location.
Key findings
- Full-body CCEs were present when subjects viewed their body: in Study 1, the body × side × congruency interaction was significant (F1,10 = 10.13, p = 0.01), and the CCE was larger for same-side than different-side visual distractors when the body was visible (t1,10 = 3.22, p = 0.009) but not when it was not visible (t1,10 = 0.83, p > 0.05).
- With a 233 ms LED–vibration SOA, stroking type modulated the CCE: Study 2 showed a significant stroking × side × congruency interaction (F1,12 = 11.30, p = 0.006), with a larger same-side versus different-side CCE during synchronous stroking (t1,12 = 4.01, p = 0.002) but not asynchronous stroking (t1,12 = 2.17, p > 0.05).
- In Study 2, synchronous stroking produced a mean self-location drift of 8.1 cm toward the virtual body versus 0.1 cm in the asynchronous condition (t1,12 = 2.21, p = 0.047), and higher questionnaire ratings for touch location (Q1: z = 2.8, p = 0.005) and self-identification with the virtual body (Q3: z = 2.3, p = 0.020).
- In the object control (Study 3), no significant CCE effects were found for the object condition, while the body condition replicated the synchronous-stroking effect (same vs different side: t1,8 = 2.60, p = 0.031; asynchronous: t1,8 = 0.39, p > 0.05).
Methods
- Thirty-five healthy right-handed subjects participated across three studies: Study 1 n = 13 (8 males, mean age 24), Study 2 n = 13 (9 males, mean age 26), and Study 3 n = 9 (6 males, mean age 23); two Study 1 subjects were excluded from analyses for chance-level performance, and different subjects took part in each study.
- Subjects stood 2 m in front of a 3D camera and viewed their backs via a head-mounted display; four vibrator–light pairs were attached to their backs, and stroking was applied synchronously or asynchronously (400 ms camera delay). They made speeded up/down tactile judgments while ignoring lights; CCE was computed as RT in incongruent minus congruent trials. Study 1 used a 33 ms LED–vibration SOA, while Studies 2 and 3 used 233 ms.
- Analyses used repeated-measures ANOVAs with factors including body/stroking type, side, and congruency; drift and questionnaire measures were analyzed with t-tests and Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests, with alpha = 0.05. Incorrect trials and responses over 1500 ms were discarded, averaging 4.8% of trials per subject.
Limitations
- The paper states that stimuli were applied only to the backs, so non-stimulated body parts may not have been affected and the measured effects may not be fully global; it calls for future studies testing generalization to non-stimulated parts such as the hands.
- The paper states that Study 1’s lack of stroking effects on self-location and self-identification may have resulted from adding the LED–vibration visuo-tactile mismatch to the stroking mismatch, and that the SOA choice may have influenced multisensory weighting; it also notes that the CCE data cannot by themselves determine whether touch or vision is remapped, and discusses alternative explanations such as task relevance, response bias, and visual recoding.
- Evident from the text: the per-study samples were small (13, 13, and 9 subjects), and the object-control questionnaire ratings for self-identification with the object were barely or not positive despite a significant synchronous-versus-asynchronous difference.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The error rates showed a similar pattern of modulation by congruency and side.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“The ‘body not visible condition’ did not show these effects on the size of the CCE.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“there was no significant three-way interaction between stroking, side and congruency.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“The difference in the size of the CCE for same and different side light presentation was similar for synchronous and asynchronous conditions (figure 3).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“a significant three-way interaction between body, side and congruency (F1,10 = 10.13; p = 0.01).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“In the body visible condition the CCE was larger when the light appeared on the same side as the tactile stimulus, compared to when it appeared on the different side.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“CCEs were modulated systematically during visual-somatosensory conflict when subjects viewed their body but not when they viewed a body-sized object”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Abstract > Methodology/Principal Findings
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In the paper
“study 1 showed that CCEs are found when the LEDs are presented on a body but not when the body is not visible”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 2
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In the paper
“CCEs were larger during synchronous than during asynchronous stroking of the body”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Abstract > Methodology/Principal Findings
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In the paper
“The size of the drift in the synchronous condition was significantly different from the drift in the asynchronous condition (t1,12 = 2.21; p = 0.047; two-tailed t-test).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 2
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant effects (p>0.05) of stroking type were found for self-location – the size of the drift in self-location did not differ for synchronous and asynchronous conditions.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the CCE was significantly larger for the same side compared to the different side visual presentation when the body was visible (t1,10 = 3.22; p = 0.009) but not when the body was not visible (t1,10 = 0.83; p>0.05).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“The ANOVA did not reveal any significant main effects: stroking type (F1, 8 = 0.04, p = 0.846); side (F1, 8 = 0.01, p = 0.921); congruency (F1, 8 = 4.43, p = 0.068), or any significant interactions: stroking type×side (F1, 8 = 1.57, p = 0.246); stroking type×congruency (F1, 8 = 0.60, p = 0.460); side×congruency (F1, 8 = 0.452, p = 0.520); stroking type×side×congruency (F1, 8 = 1.17, p = 0.311).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 3
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In the paper
“The ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of side (F1,12 = 9.10; p = 0.011), congruency (F1,12 = 15.80; p = 0.002), a significant interaction between side and congruency (F1,12 = 13.40; p = 0.003), and crucially, a significant three-way interaction between stroking type, side and congruency (F1,12 = 11.30; p = 0.006).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 2
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In the paper
“For the questionnaire data, there was a significant difference between ratings of the self-identification question (“I felt as if the object was my body“) for the synchronous and asynchronous object blocks (z = 2.20; p = 0.03), however the ratings were barely, or not even positive (4.1 for synchronous and 2.9 for synchronous on a scale where rating 4 is neither positive nor negative, i.e. ‘zero’).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 3
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In the paper
“In the synchronous condition the subjects showed a mean drift in self-location of 8.1 cm towards the virtual body, whereas in the asynchronous condition the mean drift was 0.1 cm”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 2
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In the paper
“Our second prediction was not confirmed: stroking (synchronous versus asynchronous) neither modulated the CCE, nor did it modify self-location or self-identification.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“Second, full body CCEs are larger during synchronous stroking than during asynchronous stroking of one's back, and depend on the temporal delay between the vibro-tactile and LED stimuli.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
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In the paper
“we found that the CCE is present for the full body, and is larger when subjects see their body (as compared to when they do not see their body).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“Analysis of the error rates for the object control showed that error rates were lower for the asynchronous condition than the synchronous condition: there was a significant main effect of stroking type (F1, 8 = 5.61, p = 0.045).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 3
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, both full body CCEs and measures of bodily self-consciousness are modulated by visuo-tactile stimulation (type of stroking): In the synchronous stroking condition CCEs are larger, the drift towards the seen body is greater and the questionnaire ratings of self- identification with the seen body are higher compared to in the asynchronous condition.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
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In the paper
“The error rates showed a similar pattern of modulation by congruency and side. There was a significant main effect of congruency (F1,12 = 21.69; p = 0.001) and a significant interaction between side and congruency (F1,12 = 60.46; p = 0.000).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 2
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In the paper
“We replicated the previous result for the ‘body’ condition in this new sample of subjects, i.e. the effects confirmed those of study 2: during synchronous stroking the CCE was significantly larger when the light appeared on the same side as the tactile stimulus compared to when it appeared on the different side (t1,8 = 2.60; p = 0.031), whereas the CCE during asynchronous stroking did not differ”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 3
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In the paper
“Planned comparisons between same and different side CCEs for synchronous and asynchronous conditions revealed that the CCE was significantly larger for the same side than different side in the synchronous condition (t1,12 = 4.01; p = 0.002), but not in the asynchronous condition (t1,12 = 2.17; p>0.05).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 2
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In the paper
“Such effects were absent when the stimulus display did not show the subject's body, and when an object was viewed in the place of the body, even though the visual stimuli (LEDs) were still visible and in the same spatial configuration.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
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In the paper
“The mean RTs and the drift (self-location) measures (calculated relative to initial position = 0) were normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality)”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Methods > Statistical analysis
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In the paper
“Self-identification with the seen body and other phenomenological aspects were assessed at the end of each block by a questionnaire adapted from [18]; see Table 1.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Methods > Procedure
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] B Lenggenhager, 2007, Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness., Science source
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In the paper
“The order of blocks was counterbalanced across subjects.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Methods > Procedure
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In the paper
“When the ‘felt stroking’ on the back of the body was congruent with the ‘seen stroking’ on the ‘virtual’ body, subjects showed higher degrees of ownership (or self-identification) for the virtual body, and mislocalized their self to a position outside their bodily borders.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] B Lenggenhager, 2007, Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness., Science source
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In the paper
“Two subjects were excluded from the analyses of study 1 because of chance-level performance in some conditions.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Methods > Subjects
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“As a result an average of 4.8% of trials per subject were discarded.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Methods > Statistical analysis
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 33 msec in study 1 was chosen based on previous studies on CCEs [30], [33] which reported maximal CCEs for an SOA of ∼30–100 msec.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] C Spence, 2004, Spatial constraints on visual-tactile cross-modal distractor congruency effects Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience
- Not checked yetcites [33] DI Shore, 2006, Temporal aspects of the visuotactile congruency effect., Neuroscience Letters source
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In the paper
“A complex range of temporal, spatial (and cognitive) factors determines the weighting of each unisensory input during multisensory integration [35]–[37].”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]–[37]
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is therefore possible that the particular combination of visual and tactile signals that were present in the experimental conditions in study 1 may have affected the visuo-tactile integration involved in the computation of self-location.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“This may have been because in the present set-up we added a second visuo-tactile mismatch (LED versus vibration) to the visuo-tactile mismatch already present due to stroking, thus the stimuli in the congruency task may have interfered with mechanisms related to self-location and self-identification.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Results > Results of Study 1
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In the paper
“This side effect is likely to be a due to a change in the spatial perceptual representations because if the touch is represented as being closer in space to where the body (and LEDs) are seen then we would expect the difference between same and different side CCEs to be larger.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
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In the paper
“The present data show that the previously described [17], [18], [25], [27] changes in self-location and self-identification are - under certain experimental conditions - associated with changes in the CCE, and hence with changes in the mapping of tactile stimuli.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that when the LED-vibro-tactile stimuli were made more asynchronous (by introducing the larger SOA), this may have influenced the differential weighting of all visual and tactile stimuli present, and therefore have affected how the felt stroking and seen stroking were integrated.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference in CCEs we report can only show that tactile and spatial stimuli are perceived as being closer to each other (in the synchronous condition) – this finding cannot by itself show whether it is touch or vision that is remapped.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
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In the paper
“It is well known that multisensory integration is strongly influenced by the temporal relations between stimuli [33], [35]–[37].”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] DI Shore, 2006, Temporal aspects of the visuotactile congruency effect., Neuroscience Letters source
- Not checked yetcites [35]–[37]
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In the paper
“The self-related aspects of the CCE appear to be not simply an effect of seeing a body, but of identifying with the seen body, and having an altered self-location (biased towards the spatial location at which the body is seen).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the present data reveal full body-related CCEs, and ‘self-related’ CCEs, the latter demonstrating that the magnitude of the CCE is associated with ‘what I experience as my body’ and ‘where I experience my body to be’.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study reveals that systematic alterations in the mapping of tactile stimuli occur in the full body illusion, and thus establishes CCE magnitude as an online performance proxy for subjective changes in bodily self-consciousness.”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, CCEs were associated with changes in self-identification (and thus more global changes than changes in self-attribution measured in the RHI).”
§ Keeping in Touch with One's Self: Multisensory Mechanisms of Self-Consciousness > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The crossmodal congruency effect has a relatively large magnitude and is less susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects than previous behavioural proxies of bodily self-consciousness.
“This measure has a number of advantages: its magnitude is relatively large and it is less susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects than previous behavioural proxies of bodily self-consciousness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The congruency task enables repeated, online measurements during manipulations of self-consciousness, and this has not previously been done in studies of partial or global bodily self-consciousness.
“Moreover, the congruency task enables the collection of repeated, ‘online’ measurements during manipulations of self-consciousness: this has not previously been done in studies of partial or global bodily self-consciousness.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Recent findings have shown that BSC impacts several perceptual and cognitive functions such as tactile perception [48,49], pain perception [50,51], visual perception [52–54], as well as egocentric cognitive processes [55].”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Our questionnaire data (Q3) show that participants from both groups self-identified more strongly with the virtual body when the tactile stroking was applied synchronously with the visual stroking (Aspell et al., 2009;Lenggenhager et al., 2007).”
From Multisensory mechanisms in temporo-parietal cortex support self-location and first-person perspective (2011) · cites this paper as Aspell et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Two different ratings are both labeled synchronous
MinorThe self-identification rating for the synchronous object condition is given as both 4.1 and 2.9. The second label appears intended to refer to the asynchronous condition.
“4.1 for synchronous”
“2.9 for synchronous”
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Beyond Embodied Cognition: Intentionality, Affordance, and Environmental Adaptation
Jin, Z., Tirassa, M., & Borghi, A. M. (2019) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88945-815-8
Beckerle, P. (2021) · Springer series on touch and haptic systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38688-7_8
The Effect of Vestibular Stimulations on Virtual Reality Based Bodily Self ConsciousnessPreprint
Yaman, H., Hajebrahimi, F., & Hanoğlu, L. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2138858/v1
Smit, M. (2023) · doi:10.33540/1768
Lynn, S. J., Berg, J. M., Lilienfeld, S. O., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Giesbrecht, T., der Kloet, D. V. H., Accardi, M., Mundo, C., & Polizzi, C. P. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394258970.ch13
Fernandez, A., Sacher, M., & Sakdavong, J.-C. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93700-2_15
Interpersonal Synchrony Affects the Full-Body Illusion
Ogawa, H., Uchitomi, H., & Miyake, Y. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15126870
Ghost Sensations Across the Body: Trait and State Differences in Spontaneous Somatic Experience
Efstathiou, M., Delicato, L. S., & Sedda, A. (2025) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218251396137
Deroualle, D. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/87c0f5c0z6387z4adfz91f2z4c4deb30c82a
Metadata
- Authors
- Aspell, J. E., Lenggenhager, B., & Blanke, O.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Aspell, Jane E.
- Lenggenhager, Bigna
- Blanke, Olaf
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-08-05
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e6488
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2715165
- OpenAlex
- W2106775387
- Semantic Scholar
- 66533e7a3a26916d4bccbeacff85a8bf397bfbf9
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 16.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (067874, 3100-067874.02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- bodily self-consciousness, multisensory integration, full-body illusion, body image, self-identification, head-mounted displays
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychophysiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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