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Male-Mediated Gene Flow in Patrilocal Primates

Schubert, Grit, Stoneking, Colin J., Arandjelovic, Mimi, Boesch, Christophe, Eckhardt, Nadin, Hohmann, Gottfried, Langergraber, Kevin, Lukas, Dieter, Vigilant, Linda·2011·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0021514PMC PMC3128582
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Figure 1 Geographical locations of genotyped individuals from social groups of western chimpanzees and bonobos. Western chimpanzee samples were collected within Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, and bonobo samples at the border of Salonga National Park, DRC. Labels designate known (C1, East, Middle, North, South) and assumed (C2–6, G2, G4, GTZ, Meteo, N1– 2) social groups. The Central Region in Taï National Park represents a geographically limited subsample of chimpanzee groups analyzed in addition to the full data set (see also Table 1 and 2). Y-chromosomal data from bonobo group C3 were taken from [61], while autosomal data were not available for that group. Sample sizes of individuals with an estimated minimum age of 5 for each group are the following (females typed at autosomal loci/males typed at autosomal loci/males typed at Y-chromosomal loci): bonobo, C1 (17/11/10), C2 (14/10/15), C3 (0/0/6), C4 (12/9/6), C5 (4/3/2), C6 (8/3/3); chimpanzee, East (8/10/8), G2 (10/7/7), G4 (4/3/3), GTZ (3/8/6), Meteo (13/6/3), Middle (7/4/4), N1 (2/2/2), N2 (6/2/2), North (14/9/4), South (31/26/15).
Figure 1 Geographical locations of genotyped individuals from social groups of western chimpanzees and bonobos. Western chimpanzee samples were collected within Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, and bonobo samples at the border of Salonga National Park, DRC. Labels designate known (C1, East, Middle, North, South) and assumed (C2–6, G2, G4, GTZ, Meteo, N1– 2) social groups. The Central Region in Taï National Park represents a geographically limited subsample of chimpanzee groups analyzed in addition to the full data set (see also Table 1 and 2). Y-chromosomal data from bonobo group C3 were taken from [61], while autosomal data were not available for that group. Sample sizes of individuals with an estimated minimum age of 5 for each group are the following (females typed at autosomal loci/males typed at autosomal loci/males typed at Y-chromosomal loci): bonobo, C1 (17/11/10), C2 (14/10/15), C3 (0/0/6), C4 (12/9/6), C5 (4/3/2), C6 (8/3/3); chimpanzee, East (8/10/8), G2 (10/7/7), G4 (4/3/3), GTZ (3/8/6), Meteo (13/6/3), Middle (7/4/4), N1 (2/2/2), N2 (6/2/2), North (14/9/4), South (31/26/15).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Simulations of Y–chromosomal variation in social groups of western chimpanzees and bonobos. Using empirically–based levels of reproductive skew, mutation rates and group sizes, we examined levels of haplotype diversity in terms of (A), number of haplotypes and (B), maximum number of mutational steps between Y–haplotypes that might arise within groups in the absence male–mediated gene flow. (A), the proportion of groups with more than one Y–haplotype and (B), the simulated maximum number of mutations possible between Y–haplotypes within groups increases with the number of males in the group. White bars indicate bonobos, grey bars indicate chimpanzees. Maximum numbers of mutations are only shown if observed in >1% of simulated groups. Average number of reproducing males in the habituated study groups = 9. Error bars represent ± one standard deviation.
Figure 2 Simulations of Y–chromosomal variation in social groups of western chimpanzees and bonobos. Using empirically–based levels of reproductive skew, mutation rates and group sizes, we examined levels of haplotype diversity in terms of (A), number of haplotypes and (B), maximum number of mutational steps between Y–haplotypes that might arise within groups in the absence male–mediated gene flow. (A), the proportion of groups with more than one Y–haplotype and (B), the simulated maximum number of mutations possible between Y–haplotypes within groups increases with the number of males in the group. White bars indicate bonobos, grey bars indicate chimpanzees. Maximum numbers of mutations are only shown if observed in >1% of simulated groups. Average number of reproducing males in the habituated study groups = 9. Error bars represent ± one standard deviation.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Schubert, G., Stoneking, C. J., Arandjelovic, M., Boesch, C., Eckhardt, N., Hohmann, G., Langergraber, K., Lukas, D., & Vigilant, L.
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2011-07-01
Volume
6
Issue
7
Pages
e21514
ISSN
1932-6203
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0021514
PMC
PMC3128582
Cited by
42
References
2
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)

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Schubert, G., Stoneking, C. J., Arandjelovic, M., Boesch, C., Eckhardt, N., Hohmann, G., Langergraber, K., Lukas, D., & Vigilant, L. (2011). Male-Mediated Gene Flow in Patrilocal Primates. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021514