Cited by 810Blind Source Separation TechniquesEEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesTensor decomposition and applications

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Independent EEG Sources Are Dipolar

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Delorme, Arnaud, Palmer, Jason, Onton, Julie, Oostenveld, Robert, Makeig, Scott·2012·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0030135PMC PMC3280242

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Abstract

Independent component analysis (ICA) and blind source separation (BSS) methods are increasingly used to separate individual brain and non-brain source signals mixed by volume conduction in electroencephalographic (EEG) and other electrophysiological recordings. We compared results of decomposing thirteen 71-channel human scalp EEG datasets by 22 ICA and BSS algorithms, assessing the pairwise mutual information (PMI) in scalp channel pairs, the remaining PMI in component pairs, the overall mutual information reduction (MIR) effected by each decomposition, and decomposition 'dipolarity' defined as the number of component scalp maps matching the projection of a single equivalent dipole with less than a given residual variance. The least well-performing algorithm was principal component analysis (PCA); best performing were AMICA and other likelihood/mutual information based ICA methods. Though these and other commonly-used decomposition methods returned many similar components, across 18 ICA/BSS algorithms mean dipolarity varied linearly with both MIR and with PMI remaining between the resulting component time courses, a result compatible with an interpretation of many maximally independent EEG components as being volume-conducted projections of partially-synchronous local cortical field activity within single compact cortical domains. To encourage further method comparisons, the data and software used to prepare the results have been made available (http://sccn.ucsd.edu/wiki/BSSComparison).

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Authors: Delorme, A., Palmer, J., Onton, J., Oostenveld, R., & Makeig, S.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
ORCID: Palmer, Jason
Onton, Julie
Oostenveld, Robert
Makeig, Scott
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2012-02-15
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: e30135
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030135
PMC: PMC3280242
OpenAlex: W2171746332
Cited by: 810
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 58.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (0613595)
National Institute of Mental Health (NS047293)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01-NS047293-01A1, R01NS047293)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Blind Source Separation Techniques
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Computational Mathematics › Tensor decomposition and applications
Keywords: independent component analysis, blind source separation, EEG source localization, dipole modeling, volume conduction, mutual information, principal component analysis, scalp EEG
MeSH terms: Algorithms, Brain, Brain Mapping, Computer Simulation, Electroencephalography, Humans, Scalp, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Principal Component Analysis

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