Cited by 5,141Research on Leishmaniasis StudiesLeprosy Research and TreatmentBrucella: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence

Open access

Alvar, Jorge, Vélez, Iván D., Bern, Caryn, Herrero, Mercé, Desjeux, Philippe, Cano, Jorge, Jannin, Jean, Boer, Margriet den, the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team·2012·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0035671PMC PMC3365071

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

As part of a World Health Organization-led effort to update the empirical evidence base for the leishmaniases, national experts provided leishmaniasis case data for the last 5 years and information regarding treatment and control in their respective countries and a comprehensive literature review was conducted covering publications on leishmaniasis in 98 countries and three territories (see 'Leishmaniasis Country Profiles Text S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14, S15, S16, S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, S27, S28, S29, S30, S31, S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, S37, S38, S39, S40, S41, S42, S43, S44, S45, S46, S47, S48, S49, S50, S51, S52, S53, S54, S55, S56, S57, S58, S59, S60, S61, S62, S63, S64, S65, S66, S67, S68, S69, S70, S71, S72, S73, S74, S75, S76, S77, S78, S79, S80, S81, S82, S83, S84, S85, S86, S87, S88, S89, S90, S91, S92, S93, S94, S95, S96, S97, S98, S99, S100, S101'). Additional information was collated during meetings conducted at WHO regional level between 2007 and 2011. Two questionnaires regarding epidemiology and drug access were completed by experts and national program managers. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence ranges were estimated by country and epidemiological region based on reported incidence, underreporting rates if available, and the judgment of national and international experts. Based on these estimates, approximately 0.2 to 0.4 cases and 0.7 to 1.2 million VL and CL cases, respectively, occur each year. More than 90% of global VL cases occur in six countries: India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Brazil. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is more widely distributed, with about one-third of cases occurring in each of three epidemiological regions, the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, and western Asia from the Middle East to Central Asia. The ten countries with the highest estimated case counts, Afghanistan, Algeria, Colombia, Brazil, Iran, Syria, Ethiopia, North Sudan, Costa Rica and Peru, together account for 70 to 75% of global estimated CL incidence. Mortality data were extremely sparse and generally represent hospital-based deaths only. Using an overall case-fatality rate of 10%, we reach a tentative estimate of 20,000 to 40,000 leishmaniasis deaths per year. Although the information is very poor in a number of countries, this is the first in-depth exercise to better estimate the real impact of leishmaniasis. These data should help to define control strategies and reinforce leishmaniasis advocacy.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0035671

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Untitled work
(1996) · Cited by 6,884
Disease control priorities in developing countries
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-0343 · Cited by 3,636
Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives
Desjeux, P. M. P. (2004) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2004.03.004 · Cited by 2,329 · cited 1×
“Reported leishmaniasis case figures are widely acknowledged to represent gross underestimates of the true burden, but studies that measure the degree of underreporting are rare [23].”
Background
World Development Report 1993
Bank, W. (1993) · doi:10.1596/0-1952-0890-0 · Cited by 2,213
Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis
King, C. H., Dickman, K. R., & Tisch, D. J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66457-4 · Cited by 898 · cited 1×
“The accuracy of this measure depends on the reliability of the incidence, duration, severity and mortality data for a given condition, as well as the underlying assumptions used in the calculations [7,14].”
Background
Health metrics and evaluation: strengthening the science
Murray, C. J., & Frenk, J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60526-7 · Cited by 849
Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
Hotez, P. J., Molyneux, D. H., Fenwick, A., Ottesen, E. A., Sachs, S. E., & Sachs, J. D. (2006) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030102 · Cited by 822 · cited 1×
“Although estimated to cause the ninth largest disease burden among individual infectious diseases, leishmaniasis is largely ignored in discussions of tropical disease priorities [1,2].”
Background
Leishmaniasis and poverty
Alvar, J., Yactayo, S., & Bern, C. (2006) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.09.004 · Cited by 813 · cited 1×
“This consignment to critical oblivion results from its complex epidemiology and ecology, the lack of simple, easily-applied tools for case management and the paucity of current incidence data, and often results in a failure on the part of policy-makers to recognize its importance [3,4].”
Background
Leishmaniasis
Desjeux, P. M. P. (1996) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/0738-081x(96)00057-0 · Cited by 588 · cited 1×
“Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) results in death if not treated, the majority of leishmaniasis deaths go unrecognized, and even with treatment access, VL may result in case-fatality rates of 10–20% [17,18,19,20,21,22].”
Background
Control Of The Leishmaniases
Library, W. (2010) · Cited by 584

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 51 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

AN Maia-Elkhoury, 2007, [Analysis of visceral leishmaniasis reports by the capture-recapture method]., Rev Saude Publica, 41, 931

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,004

A novel MALDI-TOF MS-based method for blood meal identification in insect vectors: A proof of concept study on phlebotomine sand flies
Hlavačková, K., Dvořák, V., Chaskopoulou, A., Volf, P., & Halada, P. (2019) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007669 · Cited by 42
Wild mammals as potential silent reservoirs of Leishmania infantum in a Mediterranean area
Alcover, M. M., Ribas, A., Guillén, M. C., Berenguer, D., Tomás-Pérez, M., Riera, C., & Fisa, R. (2019) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104874 · Cited by 42
Comparison and clinical validation of qPCR assays targeting Leishmania 18S rDNA and HSP70 genes in patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis
Filgueira, C. P. B., Moreira, O. C., Cantanhêde, L. M., de Farias, H. M. T., Porrozzi, R., Britto, C., Boité, M. C., & Cupolillo, E. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008750 · Cited by 42
Insights into the Antimicrobial Potential of Dithiocarbamate Anions and Metal-Based Species
Yeo, C. I., Tiekink, E. R. T., & Chew, J. (2021) · Inorganics · doi:10.3390/inorganics9060048 · Cited by 42
The effect of Lucilia sericata - and Sarconesiopsis magellanica -derived larval therapy on Leishmania panamensis
Cruz‐Saavedra, L., Díaz-Roa, A., Gaona, M. A., Cruz, M. L., Ayala, M. S., Cortés‐Vecino, J. A., Patarroyo, M. A., & Bello, F. J. (2016) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.020 · Cited by 41
Knowledge and attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis among rural endemic communities in Shara’b district, Taiz, southwestern Yemen
Alharazi, T. H., Haouas, N., & Al‐Mekhlafi, H. M. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-05965-4 · Cited by 41
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Maghreb region: A systematic review of distribution, morphology, and role in the transmission of the pathogens
Benallal, K. E., Garni, R., Harrat, Z., Volf, P., & Dvořák, V. (2022) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009952 · Cited by 41
The current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia and implications for disease emergence in European countries
Özbel, Y., Töz, S. O., Muñoz-Hernández, C., Ortuño, M., Jumakanova, Z., Pérez‐Cutillas, P., Maia, C., Conceição, C., Baneth, G., Pereira, A. B., et al. (2022) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/zph.12977 · Cited by 41
“The incidence of human leishmaniasis between 2004 and 2008 has been previously analysed (Alvar et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Fitness and Phenotypic Characterization of Miltefosine-Resistant Leishmania major
Turner, K. G., Vacchina, P., Robles‐Murguia, M., Wadsworth, M. N., McDowell, M. A., & Morales, M. A. (2015) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003948 · Cited by 41
Potent In Vitro Antiproliferative Synergism of Combinations of Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors against Leishmania amazonensis
de Macedo-Silva, S. T., Visbal, G., Urbina, J. A., de Souza, W., & Rodrigues, J. C. F. (2015) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01150-15 · Cited by 41
Polymorphism in the HASPB Repeat Region of East African Leishmania donovani Strains
Zackay, A., Nasereddin, A., Takele, Y., Tadesse, D., Hailu, W., Hurissa, Z., Yifru, S., Weldegebreal, T., Diro, E., Kassahun, A., et al. (2013) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002031 · Cited by 41
A comparison of four DNA extraction protocols for the analysis of urine from patients with visceral leishmaniasis
da Silva, M. A. L., de Medeiros, Z. M., Soares, C. R. P., da Silva, E. D., Miranda-Filho, D. B., & de Melo, F. L. (2014) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0233-2013 · Cited by 41
A novel alkyl phosphocholine-dinitroaniline hybrid molecule exhibits biological activity in vitro against Leishmania amazonensis
Godinho, J. L. P., Georgikopoulou, K., Calogeropoulou, T., de Souza, W., & Rodrigues, J. C. F. (2013) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2013.06.015 · Cited by 41
T-Cell Populations and Cytokine Expression Are Impaired in Thymus and Spleen of Protein Malnourished BALB/c Mice Infected with Leishmania infantum
Cuervo-Escobar, S., Losada-Barragán, M., Umaña‐Pérez, A., Porrozzi, R., Vahia, L. S., de Miranda, L. H. M., Morgado, F. N., Menezes, R. C., Sánchez-Gómez, M., & Cuervo, P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114584 · Cited by 41
Evaluation of three recombinant Leishmania infantum antigens in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis
Fonseca, A. M., Faria, A. R., Rodrigues, F. T. G., Nagem, R. A. P., Magalhães, R. D. M., Reis-Cunha, J. L., Bartholomeu, D. C., & de Andrade, H. M. (2014) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.028 · Cited by 41
Therapeutic Potential of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Rossi‐Bergmann, B., Lima, W. P., Marcato, P. D., Conti, R. D., & Durán, N. (2012) · Journal of nano research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.20.89 · Cited by 41
Epidemiological study on acute cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco
Kahime, K., Boussaa, S., Idrissi, A. L. E., Nhammi, H., & Boumezzough, A. (2015) · Journal of Acute Disease · doi:10.1016/j.joad.2015.08.004 · Cited by 41
PD-1 function in apoptosis of T lymphocytes in canine visceral leishmaniasis
Chiku, V. M., Silva, K. L. O., de Almeida, B. F. M., Venturin, G. L., Leal, A. A. C., de Martini, C. C., Eugênio, F. D. R., dos Santos, P. S. P., & de Lima, V. M. F. (2016) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2016.03.007 · Cited by 41
RNA-seq in kinetoplastids: A powerful tool for the understanding of the biology and host-pathogen interactions
Patiño, L. H., & Ramírez, J. D. (2017) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.003 · Cited by 41
Characterization of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase LmPRL-1 Secreted by Leishmania major via the Exosome Pathway
Leitherer, S., Clos, J., Liebler–Tenorio, E., Schleicher, U., Bogdan, C., & Soulat, D. (2017) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00084-17 · Cited by 41
Urbanization of human visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco
Kahime, K., Boussaa, S., Nhammi, H., & Boumezzough, A. (2017) · Parasite Epidemiology and Control · doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2017.07.001 · Cited by 41
A defined subunit vaccine that protects against vector-borne visceral leishmaniasis
Duthie, M. S., Pereira, L. D. S., Favila, M. A., Hofmeyer, K. A., Reed, J., Metangmo, S., Townsend, S. E., Laurance, J. D., Picone, A., Misquith, A., et al. (2017) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-017-0025-5 · Cited by 41
DNA plasmid coding for Phlebotomus sergenti salivary protein PsSP9, a member of the SP15 family of proteins, protects against Leishmania tropica
Gholami, E., Oliveira, F., Taheri, T., Seyed, N., Gharibzadeh, S., Gholami, N., Mizbani, A., Zali, F., Habibzadeh, S., Bakhadj, D. O., et al. (2019) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007067 · Cited by 41
Target Product Profile for a point-of-care diagnostic test for dermal leishmaniases
Cruz, I., Albertini, A., Barbeitas, M. M., Arana, B. A., Picado, A., Ruiz-Postigo, J. A., & Ndung’u, J. M. (2019) · Parasite Epidemiology and Control · doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00103 · Cited by 41
Melatonin and Leishmania amazonensis Infection Altered miR-294, miR-30e, and miR-302d Impacting on Tnf, Mcp-1, and Nos2 Expression
Fernandes, J. C. R., Aoki, J. I., Maia Acuña, S., Zampieri, R. A., Markus, R. P., Floeter-Winter, L. M., & Muxel, S. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00060 · Cited by 41
Evaluating the spatial distribution of Leishmania parasites in Colombia from clinical samples and human isolates (1999 to 2016)
Ovalle‐Bracho, C., Londoño-Barbosa, D., Salgado‐Almario, J., & González, C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214124 · Cited by 41
Emerging and threatening vector-borne zoonoses in the world and in Europe: a brief update
Jánová, E. (2019) · Pathogens and Global Health · doi:10.1080/20477724.2019.1598127 · Cited by 47
Medicinal leech therapy in venous congestion and various ulcer forms: Perspectives of Western, Persian and Indian medicine
Koeppen, D., Aurich, M., Pasalar, M., & Rampp, T. (2019) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.08.003 · Cited by 41
The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History
Palatnik, M., & Nico, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00204 · Cited by 41
Molecular detection and identification of Leishmania DNA and blood meal analysis in Phlebotomus (Larroussius) species
Remadi, L., Chargui, N., Jiménez, M., Molina, R., Haouas, N., González, E., Chaâbane-Banaoues, R., Salah, E. B., Haddaji, M., Chaabouni, Y., et al. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008077 · Cited by 41
Comparing the Antileishmanial Activity of Gold(I) and Gold(III) Compounds in L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis in Vitro
Minori, K., Rosa, L. B., Bonsignore, R., Casini, A., & Miguel, D. C. (2020) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.202000536 · Cited by 41
Efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles via ginger rhizome extract against Leishmania major in vitro
Mohammadi, M., Zaki, L., KarimiPourSaryazdi, A., Tavakoli, P., Tavajjohi, A., Poursalehi, R., Hamid Delavari, H., & Ghaffarifar, F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255571 · Cited by 41
Evidence for anthropophily in five species of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from northern Colombia, revealed by molecular identification of bloodmeals
Paternina, L. E., Verbel‐Vergara, D., Romero-Ricardo, L., Pérez-Doria, A., Gómez, M. P., Abad, L. P. M., & Bejarano, E. E. (2015) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.005 · Cited by 41
Transcriptome Patterns from Primary Cutaneous Leishmania braziliensis Infections Associate with Eventual Development of Mucosal Disease in Humans
Maretti-Mira, A. C., Bittner, J., Oliveira-Neto, M. P., Liu, M., Kang, D., Li, H., Pirmez, C., & Craft, N. A. (2012) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001816 · Cited by 41
Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Georgia
Babuadze, G. G., Alvar, J., Argaw, D., de Koning, H. P., Iosava, M., Kekelidze, M., Tsertsvadze, N. S., Tsereteli, D., Chakhunashvili, G., Mamatsashvili, T., et al. (2014) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002725 · Cited by 41
A new approach for the delivery of artemisinin: Formulation, characterization, and ex-vivo antileishmanial studies
Want, M. Y., Islamuddin, M., Chouhan, G., Dasgupta, A. K., Chattopadhyay, A. P., & Afrin, F. (2014) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2014.06.035 · Cited by 41
Leishmaniasis sand fly vector density reduction is less marked in destitute housing after insecticide thermal fogging
Chaves, L. F., Calzada, J. E., Rigg, C., Valderrama, A., Gottdenker, N. L., & Saldaña, A. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-164 · Cited by 41
Mathematical analysis of a model for AVL–HIV co-endemicity
Hussaini, N., Lubuma, J. M.-S., Barley, K., & Gumel, A. B. (2015) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2015.10.008 · Cited by 40
Infectiousness of Sylvatic and Synanthropic Small Rodents Implicates a Multi-host Reservoir of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis
Andrade, M. S., Courtenay, O., de Brito, M. E. F., de Carvalho, F. G., de Carvalho, A. W. S., Soares, F. C. S., Carvalho, S. M. S., Costa, P. L., Zampieri, R. A., Floeter‐Winter, L. M., et al. (2015) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004137 · Cited by 42
Diagnostic accuracy of rK28-based immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis: a prospective clinical cohort study in Sudan
Mukhtar, M. M., Abdoun, A., Ahmed, A. E., Ghalib, H., Reed, S. G., Boelaert, M., Menten, J., Kheir, M. M., & Howard, R. F. (2015) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1093/trstmh/trv060 · Cited by 40
(Post-) Genomic approaches to tackle drug resistance in Leishmania
Berg, M., Mannaert, A., Vanaerschot, M., der Auwera, G. V., & Dujardin, J. (2013) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182013000140 · Cited by 40
Model-Based Investigations of Different Vector-Related Intervention Strategies to Eliminate Visceral Leishmaniasis on the Indian Subcontinent
Stauch, A., Duerr, H.-P., Picado, A., Ostyn, B., Sundar, S., Rijal, S., Boelaert, M., Dujardin, J., & Eichner, M. (2014) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002810 · Cited by 40
Identification of biomarkers in the hair of dogs: new diagnostic possibilities in the study and control of visceral leishmaniasis
Magalhães‐Junior, J. T., Mesquita, P. R. R., Oliveira, W. F. D. S., de Oliveira, F. S., Franke, C. R., Rodrigues, F. D. M., de Andrade, J. B., & Barrouin‐Melo, S. M. (2014) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-014-8103-2 · Cited by 40
Development, Characterization, andIn VitroBiological Performance of Fluconazole-Loaded Microemulsions for the Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Oliveira, M. B., Calixto, G. M. F., Graminha, M. A. S., Cerecetto, H., González, M., & Chorilli, M. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/396894 · Cited by 40
A Transcriptomic Network Identified in Uninfected Macrophages Responding to Inflammation Controls Intracellular Pathogen Survival
Beattie, L., Hermida, M. D.-R., Moore, J. W. J., Maroof, A., Brown, N., Lagos, D., & Kaye, P. M. (2013) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.08.004 · Cited by 40
Leishmaniasis transmission: distribution and coarse-resolution ecology of two vectors and two parasites in Egypt
Samy, A. M., Campbell, L. P., & Peterson, A. T. (2014) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0189-2013 · Cited by 40
Highly potent anti-leishmanial derivatives of hederagenin, a triperpenoid from Sapindus saponaria L.
Rodríguez‐Hernández, D., Barbosa, L. C. A., Demuner, A. J., de Almeida, R. M., Fujiwara, R. T., & Ferreira, S. R. (2016) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.030 · Cited by 40
Exploring Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Americas, 2001–2011
Maia‐Elkhoury, A. N. S., Yadón, Z. E., Saboyá-Díaz, M. I., Lucena, F. D. F., Castellanos, L. G., & Sanchez-Vazquez, M. J. (2016) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005086 · Cited by 41
Marine Algae as Source of Novel Antileishmanial Drugs: A Review
Tchokouaha, L. R. Y., Appiah‐Opong, R., Fokou, P. V. T., Tsabang, N., Boyom, F. F., Nyarko, A. K., & Wilson, M. D. (2017) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md15110323 · Cited by 40
wsp-based analysis ofWolbachiastrains associated withPhlebotomus papatasiandP. sergenti(Diptera: Psychodidae) main cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors, introduction of a new subgroup wSerg
Karimian, F., Vatandoost, H., Rassi, Y., Maleki‐Ravasan, N., Choubdar, N., Koosha, M., Arzamani, K., Asl, E. M., Veysi, A., Alipour, H., et al. (2018) · Pathogens and Global Health · doi:10.1080/20477724.2018.1471438 · Cited by 40
Genomic insights into virulence mechanisms of Leishmania donovani: evidence from an atypical strain
Samarasinghe, S. R., Samaranayake, N., Kariyawasam, U., Siriwardana, Y. D., Imamura, H., & Karunaweera, N. D. (2018) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-018-5271-z · Cited by 40
Interventions to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in children: A systematic review
Uribe-Restrepo, A. F., Cossio, A., Desai, M. M., Davalos, D. M., & Castro, M. D. M. (2018) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006986 · Cited by 40
Paromomycin-loaded mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and targeted drug delivery against leishmaniasis
Esfandiari, F., Motazedian, M. H., Asgari, Q., Morowvat, M. H., Molaei, M., & Heli, H. (2019) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105045 · Cited by 40
Aerobic midgut microbiota of sand fly vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis from northern Iran, a step toward finding potential paratransgenic candidates
Karimian, F., Vatandoost, H., Rassi, Y., Maleki‐Ravasan, N., Mohebali, M., Shirazi, M. H., Koosha, M., Choubdar, N., & Oshaghi, M. A. (2019) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3273-y · Cited by 40
Metabolomic Profile of BALB/c Macrophages Infected with Leishmania amazonensis: Deciphering L-Arginine Metabolism
Muxel, S. M., Mamani‐Huanca, M., Aoki, J. I., Zampieri, R. A., Floeter‐Winter, L. M., López‐Gonzálvez, Á., & Barbas, C. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20246248 · Cited by 39
Leishmanicidal activity of Piper marginatum Jacq. from Santarém-PA against Leishmania amazonensis
Macêdo, C. G., Fonseca, M. Y. N., Caldeira, A. D., de Castro, S. P., Lima, W. P., Borsodi, M. P. G., Sartoratto, A., Silva, M., Salgado, C. G., Rossi‐Bergmann, B., et al. (2020) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107847 · Cited by 40
Topical Amphotericin B Semisolid Dosage Form for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Physicochemical Characterization, Ex Vivo Skin Permeation and Biological Activity
Berenguer, D., Alcover, M. M., Sessa, M., Halbaut, L., Guillen, C., Boix‐Montañés, A., Fisa, R., Calpena, A. C., Riera, C., & Sosa, L. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020149 · Cited by 40
Communicable Diseases
Tulchinsky, T. H., & Varavikova, E. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00004-5 · Cited by 40
In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of Artemisia annua L. leaf powder and its potential usefulness in the treatment of uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans
Mesa, L. E., Vasquez, D., Lutgen, P., Vélez, I. D., Restrepo, A. M., Ortiz, I., & Robledo, S. M. (2017) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0457-2016 · Cited by 39
Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in São Paulo, Brazil
Valero, N. N. H., Prist, P. R., & Uriarte, M. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148960 · Cited by 39
The Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin-coated Gold Nanoparticle Against Leishmania Major Causative Agent of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL): An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Amini, S. M., Hadighi, R., Najm, M., Alipour, M., Hasanpour, H., Vosoogh, M., Vosough, A., Hajizadeh, M., & Badirzadeh, A. (2023) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-022-03172-1 · Cited by 39
Characterization of breeding sites of Phlebotomus orientalis – The vector of visceral leishmaniasis in northwestern Ethiopia
Moncaz, A., Kirstein, O. D., Gebreselassie, A., Lemma, W., Yared, S., Gebre-Michael, T., Hailu, A., Shenker, M., & Warburg, A. (2014) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.06.013 · Cited by 39
Identification and phylogenetic relationship of Iranian strains of various Leishmania species isolated from cutaneous and visceral cases of leishmaniasis based on N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene
Hajjaran, H., Mohebali, M., Teimouri, A., Oshaghi, M. A., Mirjalali, H., Kazemirad, E., Shiee, M. R., & Naddaf, S. R. (2014) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.026 · Cited by 39
Clinical and Parasitological Protection in a Leishmania infantum-Macaque Model Vaccinated with Adenovirus and the Recombinant A2 Antigen
Grimaldi, G., Têva, A., Porrozzi, R., Pinto, M. A., Marchevsky, R. S., Rocha, M. G. L., Dutra, M. S., Bruña–Romero, O., Fernandes, A.-P., & Gazzinelli, R. T. (2014) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002853 · Cited by 39
Comparative Analysis of Salivary Gland Transcriptomes of Phlebotomus orientalis Sand Flies from Endemic and Non-endemic Foci of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Vlková, M., Šíma, M., Rohoušová, I., Košťálová, T., Sumová, P., Volfová, V., Jaske, E. L., Barbian, K., Gebre-Michael, T., Hailu, A., et al. (2014) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002709 · Cited by 39
Spatial correlations of population and ecological factors with distribution of visceral leishmaniasis cases in southwestern Iran
Sharifi, I., Ghatee, M. A., Haghdoost, A. A., Kanannejad, Z., Taabody, Z., Hatam, G., & Abdollahipanah, A. (2013) · Journal of Vector Borne Diseases · doi:10.4103/0972-9062.120921 · Cited by 39
Host-feeding preference of Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in northern Ethiopia
Gebresilassie, A., Abbasi, I., Aklilu, E., Yared, S., Kirstein, O. D., Moncaz, A., Tekie, H., Balkew, M., Warburg, A., Hailu, A., et al. (2015) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0883-5 · Cited by 39
Predicting the geographic distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
de Almeida, P. S., Sciamarelli, A., Batista, P. M., Ferreira, A. D., do Nascimento, J. A., Raizer, J., Filho, J. D. A., & Gurgel‐Gonçalves, R. (2013) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-0276130331 · Cited by 39
Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peruvian Military Personnel Undertaking Training Activities in the Amazon Basin, 2010
Oré, M., Sáenz, E., Cabrera, R., Sanchez, J. F., Santos, M. B. D. L., Lucas, C. M., Núñez, J. H., Edgel, K. A., Sopan, J., Fernández, J. O., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0107 · Cited by 39
Macroecological patterns of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission across the health areas of Panamá (1980–2012)
Yamada, K., Valderrama, A., Gottdenker, N. L., Cerezo, L., Minakawa, N., Saldaña, A., Calzada, J. E., & Chaves, L. F. (2016) · Parasite Epidemiology and Control · doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2016.03.003 · Cited by 39
Diagnostic doses and times for Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) using the CDC bottle bioassay to assess insecticide resistance
Denlinger, D. S., Creswell, J. A., Anderson, J. L., Reese, C. K., & Bernhardt, S. A. (2016) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1496-3 · Cited by 39
Recombinant Forms of Leishmania amazonensis Excreted/Secreted Promastigote Surface Antigen (PSA) Induce Protective Immune Responses in Dogs
Petitdidier, E., Pagniez, J., Papierok, G., Vincendeau, P., Lemesre, J.-L., & Bras‐Gonçalves, R. (2016) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004614 · Cited by 39
Scoring clinical signs can help diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis in a highly endemic area in Brazil
da Silva, K. R., Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, B., de Mendonça, V. R. R., Silva, K. M., do Nascimento, L. F. M., Mendes‐Sousa, A. F., de Pinho, F. A., Barral‐Netto, M., Barral, A. M. P., Cruz, M. D. S. P. E., et al. (2017) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-02760160305 · Cited by 39
Functional and genetic evidence that nucleoside transport is highly conserved in Leishmania species: Implications for pyrimidine-based chemotherapy
Alzahrani, K. J., Ali, J. A. M., Eze, A. A., Looi, W. L., Tagoe, D. N. A., Creek, D. J., Barrett, M. P., & de Koning, H. P. (2017) · International Journal for Parasitology Drugs and Drug Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.04.003 · Cited by 39
The Risk and Predictors of Visceral Leishmaniasis Relapse in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Coinfected Patients in Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Abongomera, C., Diro, E., Vogt, F., Tsoumanis, A., Mekonnen, Z., Admassu, H., Colebunders, R., Mohammed, R., Ritmeijer, K., & van Griensven, J. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix607 · Cited by 39
Comparing the therapeutic efficacy of different amphotericin B-carrying delivery systems against visceral leishmaniasis
Mendonça, D. V. C., Martins, V. T., Lage, D. P., Dias, D. S., Ribeiro, P. A. F., Carvalho, A. M. R. S., Dias, A. L. T., Miyazaki, C. K., Menezes‐Souza, D., Roatt, B. M., et al. (2018) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2018.02.003 · Cited by 39
Comparative genomics of Leishmania (Mundinia)
Butenko, A., Kostygov, A. Y., Sádlová, J., Kleschenko, Y., Bečvář, T., Podešvová, L., Macedo, D. H., Žihala, D., Lukeš, J., Bates, P. A., et al. (2019) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-019-6126-y · Cited by 39
Leishmania infantum in wild animals in endemic areas of southern Italy
Abbate, J. M., Arfuso, F., Napoli, E., Gaglio, G., Giannetto, S., Latrofa, M. S., Otranto, D., & Brianti, E. (2019) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101374 · Cited by 39
Experimental infections and co-infections with Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum in two sand fly species, Lutzomyia migonei and Lutzomyia longipalpis
Alexandre, J., Sádlová, J., Leštinová, T., Vojtková, B., Jančářová, M., Podešvová, L., Yurchenko, V., Dantas‐Torres, F., Brandão-Filho, S. P., & Volf, P. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60600-7 · Cited by 39
Xenodiagnosis to address key questions in visceral leishmaniasis control and elimination
Singh, O. P., Hasker, E. C., Boelaert, M., Sacks, D. L., & Sundar, S. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008363 · Cited by 39
Overcoming roadblocks in the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis
Kaye, P. M., Mohan, S., Mantel, C. F., Malhame, M., Revill, P. A., Rutte, E. A. L., Parkash, V., Layton, A., Lacey, C. J., & Malvolti, S. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1990043 · Cited by 39
Immunity to Visceral Leishmaniasis: Implications for Immunotherapy
Khadem, F., & Uzonna, J. E. (2014) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.14.43 · Cited by 39
Species composition of phlebotomine sand flies and bionomics of Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Tahtay Adiyabo district, Northern Ethiopia
Gebresilassie, A., Kirstein, O. D., Yared, S., Aklilu, E., Moncaz, A., Tekie, H., Balkew, M., Warburg, A., Hailu, A., & Gebre-Michael, T. (2015) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0849-7 · Cited by 39
Cheminformatic models based on machine learning for pyruvate kinase inhibitors of Leishmania mexicana
Jamal, S., & Scaria, V. (2013) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-14-329 · Cited by 39
Xenodiagnosis of Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice using Phlebotomus orientalis: a new laboratory model
Sádlová, J., Šeblová, V., Votýpka, J., Warburg, A., & Volf, P. (2015) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0765-x · Cited by 39
Using Proteomics to Understand How Leishmania Parasites Survive inside the Host and Establish Infection
Veras, P. S. T., & de Menezes, J. B. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17081270 · Cited by 39
Is There an Association Between Exposure to Cats and Occurrence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Humans and Dogs?
Dalvi, A. P. R., de Carvalho, T. D. G., & Werneck, G. L. (2018) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2017.2162 · Cited by 38
Lobomycosis in Soldiers, Colombia
Arenas, C., Rodriguez, G., Flórez, A. O., & Serrato, I. (2019) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2504.181403 · Cited by 38
Global Dilemma and Needs Assessment Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Controlling Leishmaniasis
Bamorovat, M., Sharifi, I., Khosravi, A., Aflatoonian, M. R., Afshari, S. A. K., Salarkia, E., Sharifi, F., Aflatoonian, B., Gharachorloo, F., Khamesipour, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1007/s44197-024-00190-z · Cited by 38
In Vitro Susceptibility of Leishmania infantum to Artemisinin Derivatives and Selected Trioxolanes
Cortes, S., Albuquerque-Wendt, A., Cabral, L. I. L., Bento‐Lopes, L., Campino, L., & Cristiano, M. L. S. (2015) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00298-15 · Cited by 38
Infectious disease risk from the Syrian conflict
Petersen, E., Baekeland, S., Memish, Z. A., & Leblebicioğlu, H. (2013) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.06.001 · Cited by 38
First human cases of Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi infection in Ecuador and identification of its suspected vector species
Kato, H., Calvopiña, M., Criollo, H., & Hashiguchi, Y. (2013) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.09.001 · Cited by 38
Assessment of the quality of life of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2009-2010. A pilot study
Júnior, A. T., Silva, R. E., do Carmo, R. F., Amaral, T. A., da Luz, Z. M. P., & Rabello, A. (2013) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1093/trstmh/trt021 · Cited by 38
Bayesian meta‐analysis of diagnostic tests allowing for imperfect reference standards
Menten, J., Boelaert, M., & Lesaffre, E. M. E. H. (2013) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5959 · Cited by 38
Effectiveness of Insecticide Spraying and Culling of Dogs on the Incidence of Leishmania infantum Infection in Humans: A Cluster Randomized Trial in Teresina, Brazil
Werneck, G. L., Costa, C. H. N., Carvalho, F. A. D. A., Cruz, M. D. S. P. E., Maguire, J. H., & Castro, M. C. (2014) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003172 · Cited by 38
Development assistance for neglected tropical diseases: progress since 2009
Liese, B. H., Houghton, N., & Teplitskaya, L. (2014) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihu052 · Cited by 38
The Associations of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica Aspects by Focusing Their Morphological and Molecular Features on Clinical Appearances in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Spotin, A., Rouhani, S., & Parvizi, P. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/913510 · Cited by 38
Concomitant malaria among visceral leishmaniasis in-patients from Gedarif and Sennar States, Sudan: a retrospective case-control study
van den Bogaart, E., Berkhout, M. M. Z., Bym, N., Mens, P. F., Talha, A. A., Adams, E. R., Ahmed, H. B., Abdelrahman, S. H., Ritmeijer, K., Nour, B. Y. M., et al. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-332 · Cited by 38
Distinct courses of infection with Leishmania ( L. ) amazonensis are observed in BALB/c, BALB/c nude and C57BL/6 mice
Velásquez, L. G., Galuppo, M. K., de Rezende, E., Brandão, W. N., Peron, J. P. S., Uliana, S. R. B., Duarte, M. I. S., & Stolf, B. S. (2016) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s003118201600024x · Cited by 38
Protease inhibitors in potential drug development for Leishmaniasis.
Das, P., Mn, A., Paik, D., Karmakar, K., De, T., & Chakraborti, T. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 38

Authors: Alvar, J., Vélez, I. D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., Boer, M. D., & the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team
Affiliations: World Health Organization (CH)
Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
Corresponding author: Alvar, Jorge
ORCID: Alvar, Jorge
Vélez, Iván D.
Bern, Caryn
Cano, Jorge
Boer, Margriet den
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2012-05-31
Volume: 7
Issue: 5
Pages: e35671
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035671
PMC: PMC3365071
OpenAlex: W2107915297
Cited by: 5,141
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 177 · 2025: 229 · 2024: 257 · 2023: 305 · 2022: 358 · 2021: 456 · 2020: 468 · 2019: 458 · 2018: 515 · 2017: 440 · 2016: 465 · 2015: 361 · 2014: 404 · 2013: 200 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 310.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Sanofi
Universidad de Medellín
Pan American Health Organization
Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Leprosy Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Brucella: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment
Keywords: leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, leishmaniasis incidence, country profile, leishmaniasis control, leishmaniasis treatment, access to medicines, neglected tropical diseases, case data
MeSH terms: Female, Geography, Humans, Leishmaniasis, Male, Time Factors, World Health Organization, Internationality

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks