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Self-Affirmation Improves Problem-Solving under Stress

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Creswell, J. David, Dutcher, Janine M., Klein, William M. P., Harris, Peter R., Levine, John M.·2013·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0062593PMC PMC3641050

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Abstract

High levels of acute and chronic stress are known to impair problem-solving and creativity on a broad range of tasks. Despite this evidence, we know little about protective factors for mitigating the deleterious effects of stress on problem-solving. Building on previous research showing that self-affirmation can buffer stress, we tested whether an experimental manipulation of self-affirmation improves problem-solving performance in chronically stressed participants. Eighty undergraduates indicated their perceived chronic stress over the previous month and were randomly assigned to either a self-affirmation or control condition. They then completed 30 difficult remote associate problem-solving items under time pressure in front of an evaluator. Results showed that self-affirmation improved problem-solving performance in underperforming chronically stressed individuals. This research suggests a novel means for boosting problem-solving under stress and may have important implications for understanding how self-affirmation boosts academic achievement in school settings.

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Figure 1 Self-affirmation effects on RAT performance in low and high chronically stressed participants. Low and high stress groups (as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale) were determined by median split for visual presentation. Error bars reflect standard errors of the mean.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2 Self-affirmation effects on heart rate during the baseline, RAT performance, and recovery periods. Panel A depicts the results for participants low in chronic stress, and Panel B depicts the results for participants high in chronic stress, as determined by median split. Error bars reflect standard errors of the mean.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 3 Self-affirmation effects on mean arterial pressure during the baseline, RAT performance, and recovery periods. Panel A depicts the results for participants low in chronic stress, and Panel B depicts the results for participants high in chronic stress, as determined by median split. Error bars reflect standard errors of the mean.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Creswell, J. D., Dutcher, J. M., Klein, W. M. P., Harris, P. R., & Levine, J. M.
Affiliations: Carnegie Mellon University (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
National Cancer Institute (US)
University of Sheffield (GB)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
Corresponding author: Creswell, J. David
ORCID: Creswell, J. David
Dutcher, Janine M.
Klein, William M. P.
Harris, Peter R.
Levine, John M.
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2013-05-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 5
Pages: e62593
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062593
PMC: PMC3641050
OpenAlex: W2060291725
Cited by: 121
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 7.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) (acceptedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
KiltHub Repository
Funders: National Science Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Problem Solving Skills Development
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: self-affirmation, chronic stress, problem solving, time pressure, stress buffering, creativity, academic performance
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Blood Pressure, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Problem Solving, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult

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Self-Affirmation Improves Problem-Solving under Stress

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