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Well-Being and the Risk of Depression under Stress
Open accessAbstract
Improving our ability to accurately predict individual risk for depression would have profound public health benefits. While there has been growing interest in understanding the relation between measures of positive emotion, such as well-being, and depression, it is not clear whether low well-being is an independent predictor of short term depression risk. We assessed whether low well-being is a risk factor for depressive symptoms. Medical internship is a well-established period of stress when levels of depressive symptoms increase dramatically. 1621 individuals beginning medical internship were assessed for well-being, depressive symptoms, and a set of psychological and demographic traits prior to starting internship year and again for depressive symptoms at 3 month intervals during the year. Low subjective well-being significantly predicted increased depression symptom scores during the stress of medical internship and accounted for individual level inter-variability in depression symptom trends across time. Assessing well-being may have utility in predicting future depression risk.
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“as evidence suggests that low levels of wellbeing may increase the risk of experiencing mental ill-health over time [116–118].”
From The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as [117]
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of psychological well-being are associated with better physical health [15] and buffer against future disorders [16, 65], suggesting that people with higher levels are potentially more resilient [66, 67].”
From Can We Increase Psychological Well-Being? The Effects of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [65]
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Cites
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Items 101–189 of 189
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“(Grant et al., 2013) menyebutkan bahwa rendahnya kesejahteraan subjektif secara signifikan dapat menjadi predictor adanya peningkatan skor gejala depresi pada individu terlebih mahasiswa kedokteran yang sedang magang.”
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“Universities should focus on the multifactorial problem of psychological issues among their students (Grant et al., 2013), which can vary across stages of student life, areas of study, geographical location, and sociocultural factors. the use of internal communication can favor the…”
BackgroundSgherza, T. R., Becerra, R., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119809 · Cited by 4
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“Although, as noted earlier in the discussion, some of the findings were consistent with those reported in the United States (Grant et al., 2013; Wood and Joseph, 2010) and the Netherlands (Westerhof and Keyes, 2009), it is important to recognize that both depressive symptoms and psychological…”
InfluentialSgherza, T. R., Becerra, R., Bylsma, L. M., Fresco, D. M., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121517 · Cited by 3
“…month, but future studies might examine effects at smaller timescales (e.g., days, weeks) or longer term (e.g., months, years) to identify more fine-grained details or bigger picture trends, as well as potential bidirectional associations or feedback loops (Grant et al., 2013; Lamers et al., 2015).”
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Stress and depression risk in pregnancy associates with altered immune function
Mealy, G., Perez, S. H., Brennan, K., Callanan, S., Saldova, R., Groeger, D., van Sinderen, D., Cotter, P. D., Doyle, S., & McAuliffe, F. M. (2025) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2025.2530000 · Cited by 3
“Outside of pregnancy, the link between well-being, stress and depression is clear, with numerous studies showing an inverse relationship between psychological well-being and both stress and depression (Grant et al. 2013; Strizhitskaya et al. 2019).”
Levis, M., Ludmer, D. J., Cornelius, S. L., Scott, R. C., Watts, B. V., & Shiner, B. R. (2022) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2022.02.005 · Cited by 3
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“Positive mental health factors can mitigate emotional distress (Grant et al., 2013; Keyes et al., 2010) and are correlated with student academic success (Antaramian, 2015).”
BackgroundFlourishing after addiction: An invited commentary on the McGaffin et al. (2015) study
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The positive impact of legal advice and services on the mental wellbeing of UK veterans
Beardmore, T., Collier, W. G. A., Olusanya, O., Griffiths, G., Knapp, V., & Baldwin, A. (2024) · International Journal of the Legal Profession · doi:10.1080/09695958.2024.2351875 · Cited by 2
“It is possible to speculate that legal advice and services provided to veterans with CMDs elicited emotional disclosure, which in turn increased positive emotion and correspondingly decreased negative emotion (Schüler et al. 2009), resulting in improved mental wellbeing (Bernard et al. 2006; Edwards and Kotera 2021; M…”
InfluentialPsychological well-being in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: A cohort study
Christiansen, C. H., Ballegaard, N. R., Koch, M. M., Frokjaer, V. G., Kirk, M., Rode, L., Hegaard, H. K., & Høgh, S. (2026) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2026.101211 · Cited by 2
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“…self-esteem/low optimism, and persistent stress may put an individual at risk for depression, while happiness, high self-esteem, and low stress may serve as protective factors that lead to higher emotional wellness (Grant, Guille, and Sen 2013; Pieterse and Carter 2007; Pyszczynski et al. 2004).”
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Adaptasi Mental Health Continuum – Short Form Bahasa Indonesia
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“It is worth noting that wellbeing has been found to be positively associated with mental health ( Grant, Guille & Sen, 2013 ; Lombardo et al., 2018 ; Watson & Naragon-Gainey, 2010 ).”
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HAYATA NASIL BAKIYORUZ: ÖZGÜR İRADE VE SPİRİTÜEL İYİ OLMA
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Transitioning to fatherhood: Prospective effects of wellbeing on future depression symptoms
O'Connor, E. J., Zajac, I. T., Brindal, E., & Kakoschke, N. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.102 · Cited by 1
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“High mental well-being is also linked to a lower likelihood of future mental ill-health [17,18], and conversely, low mental well-being is associated with a higher risk of future mental ill-health [19,20].”
Han, R., Ding, X. P., Yang, M., Feng, W., Wang, Y., Cai, W., Gao, Q., Han, Y., Hu, Y., & Ma, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1715488 · Cited by 1
“Research has indicated that high SSS can enhance well-being (Chen et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023), and well-being itself is a related variable for predicting depressive symptoms (Tran et al., 2017; Grant et al., 2013).”
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“Previous studies focused on low subjective well-being as a predictor of depressive symptoms [51].”
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BackgroundThe influence of coping behaviours and exercise on psychological well-being
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“…assessment, i.e. the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) are used for detecting depressive symptoms as well as well-being [21]; others for example are used for clinical patients in order to validate the results of some treatments and cures [22].”
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“…mood, low self-esteem/low optimism, and persistent stress may put an individual at risk for depression, while happiness, high self-esteem, and low stress may serve as protective factors that lead to higher emotional wellness (Grant et al., 2013, Pieterse & Carter, 2007, Pyszczynski et al., 2004).”
BackgroundFarraj, N. H., Toosi, A., Qahtani, A. A., Forgrave, D., & Ansar, S. (2023) · International Journal of Healthcare · doi:10.5430/ijh.v9n2p8
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“Low levels of psychological wellness and poor health have been associated, for instance, with a risk of depression, 16 generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 17 and burnout.”
BackgroundOrchard, C., Lin, E. H. B., Rosella, L. C., & Smith, P. (2024) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101718
“…health and ability to achieve ‘flourishing ’ as an important population mental health outcome in and of itself, which has also been shown to have protective effects on all-cause mortality, suicide and mental illness (Grant et al., 2013, Guille, & Sen, 2013; Corey L. M. Keyes et al., 2012; Corey L.”
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Depressive symptoms predict divergent trajectories of well-being in US adults
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Additional file 2 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25203736
Additional file 4 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679632
Delafontaine, A.-C., Anders, R., Mathieu, B., Salathé, C. R., & Putois, B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25414812
Additional file 6 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679638
Additional file 1 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25203625
Additional file 3 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679629
Additional file 5 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679635
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6 February 2023 Türkiye earthquakes: Trauma response and recovery
Bakır, A. E., & Doğan, T. (2026) · Mehmet Akif Ersoy üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi dergisi. · doi:10.21764/maeuefd.1756511
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“Additionally, factors such as being female [8,12], experiencing stressful events [6,8], and having low subjective well-being [13] have been associated with depression during residency training.”
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“This finding is consistent with previous evidence indicating that low subjective well-being is a strong predictor of depressive symptoms [48].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Grant, F., Guille, C., & Sen, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sen, Srijan
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-07-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e67395
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3698120
- OpenAlex
- W2059436066
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 10.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH095109, R01MH101459, MH095109)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R25GM055036)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024986)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- subjective well-being, depression risk, depressive symptoms, stress, medical internship, positive emotions, depression prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological
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