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Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
The plant alkaloid galantamine is an established symptomatic drug treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), providing temporary cognitive and global relief in human patients. In this study, the 5X Familial Alzheimer's Disease (5XFAD) mouse model was used to investigate the effect of chronic galantamine treatment on behavior and amyloid β (Aβ) plaque deposition in the mouse brain. Quantification of plaques in untreated 5XFAD mice showed a gender specific phenotype; the plaque density increased steadily reaching saturation in males after 10 months of age, whereas in females the density further increased until after 14 months of age. Moreover, females consistently displayed a higher plaque density in comparison to males of the same age. Chronic oral treatment with galantamine resulted in improved performance in behavioral tests, such as open field and light-dark avoidance, already at mildly affected stages compared to untreated controls. Treated animals of both sexes showed significantly lower plaque density in the brain, i.e., the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, gliosis being always positively correlated to plaque load. A high dose treatment with a daily uptake of 26 mg/kg body weight was tolerated well and produced significantly larger positive effects than a lower dose treatment (14 mg/kg body weight) in terms of plaque density and behavior. These results strongly support that galantamine, in addition to improving cognitive and behavioral symptoms in AD, may have disease-modifying and neuroprotective properties, as is indicated by delayed Aβ plaque formation and reduced gliosis.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Chronic oral galantamine in 5XFAD mice improved some behavioral deficits and reduced amyloid plaque density in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, with a high dose producing larger effects than a low dose. The authors conclude galantamine may have disease-modifying and neuroprotective properties in addition to symptomatic benefits.
Key findings
- Untreated 5XFAD mice showed sex-specific plaque progression: males reached saturation at 10 months, while females continued increasing after 14 months; females consistently had higher plaque density, and plaque density was always higher in entorhinal cortex than hippocampus. Plaques were detectable at 2 months.
- Chronic galantamine improved open field behavior and partially normalized light-dark avoidance, with high dose (26 mg/kg/day) significantly more effective than low dose (14 mg/kg/day). It did not normalize the reduced startle response or prepulse inhibition, and it increased freezing in fear conditioning irrespective of genotype.
- High-dose galantamine significantly reduced plaque density versus untreated controls (p≤0.0001): hippocampus ~19% fewer plaques in males and ~25% fewer in females; entorhinal cortex ~32% fewer in males and ~33% fewer in females.
- Plaque density strongly correlated with GFAP-positive reactive astrocyte density (R² = 0.62; ANOVA F(1,21) = 34.232; p<0.0001), suggesting reduced gliosis with treatment.
Methods
- 5XFAD transgenic mice and non-transgenic littermates were used. Untreated behavioral analysis was performed at 7 months; treatment began at 10–12 weeks for 2 months, with behavioral testing at 4–5 months, followed by histological plaque quantification.
- Galantamine hydrobromide was given in drinking water: low dose 12 mg/l for 4 weeks then 60 mg/l; high dose 36 mg/l for 4 weeks then 120 mg/l, yielding daily uptake of 14 mg/kg (low) and 26 mg/kg (high). Behavioral tests included open field, light-dark avoidance, O-maze, rota-rod, grip strength, startle/PPI, and fear conditioning.
- Brains were analyzed with thioflavin-S staining for plaques, GFAP for reactive astrocytes, 4G8 for β-amyloid, isolectin GSA for microglia, and Nissl staining. Statistics used ANOVA with genotype, sex, and treatment factors, post hoc tests, repeated measures ANOVA for selected behavioral tests, and regression for plaque-astrocyte correlation.
Limitations
- The paper states that galantamine did not modify the poor startle response or lack of prepulse inhibition; the authors speculate this may reflect a very early event not curable by later treatment or insufficient dosage/duration. It also states that increased freezing in fear conditioning could be a side effect on anxiety.
- The paper states that mechanisms of galantamine action were not fully resolved and suggests future quantification of total Aβ and its isoforms to address whether effects reflect reduced deposition versus clearance.
- Evident from the text: findings are limited to a mouse model, use only two dose regimens, and do not include human data or direct measures of soluble Aβ oligomers; sex differences in plaque load are reported but not mechanistically explained.
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67 Own result · 40 Not checked yet · 17 Own interpretation · 4 Own method · 3 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5XFAD transgenic mice (8 males, 10 females) displayed significantly more freezing in the context (F(1,32) = 4.542, p = 0.0409) but also in the neutral surrounding (not significant, p = 0.1641)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
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In the paper
“In the open field, transgenic mice spend significantly less time in the corners (F(1,28) = 5.245, p = 0.0297, post hoc Fisher’s PLSD p = 0.0311) compared to control littermates (Figure 3D).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
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In the paper
“and spend more time in the illuminated part (Figure 3F) (F(1,28) = 9.026, p = 0.0056; post hoc Fisher’s PLSD p = 0.0067).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In control non-transgenic littermates, plaques were never observed at any age.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The latency with which transgenic mice entered the dark compartment when tested for memory was still longer as of their non-transgenic littermates (F(1,28) = 4.345, p = 0.0464; post hoc Fisher’s PLSD p = 0.0491).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Plaques were detectable already in 2-month-old animals.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“thus the context memory (% freezing context - % freezing neutral, Figure 3J) was not significantly different from non-transgenic control littermates (9 males, 9 females).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For both sexes, the plaque density was always higher in the entorhinal cortex than in the hippocampus.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Consumption of similar amounts of water indicates that galantamine at the concentration used did not induce any preference or avoidance of the drug.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
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In the paper
“which was not inhibited by prepulses of intensities between 73 and 94 dB (Figure 3K) (repeated measures ANOVA F(1,196) = 11.488, p = 0.0021).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, motoric abilities examined on the Rota-Rod were similar for control and 5XFAD mice (Figure 3C)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the O-Maze, 5XFAD transgenic mice spent longer time (Figure 3H) and moved longer distances (Figure 3I) in the open areas compared to their control littermates (time F(1,24) = 23,679, p<0.0001; distance F(1,24) = 15.319, p = 0.0007).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the O-Maze, 5XFAD transgenic mice spent longer time (Figure 3H) and moved longer distances (Figure 3I) in the open areas compared to their control littermates (time F(1,24) = 23,679, p<0.0001; distance F(1,24) = 15.319, p = 0.0007).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“5XFAD transgenic mice displayed a significantly reduced startle response at 120 dB (F(1,28) = 4.578, p = 0.0412; post hoc Fisher’s PLSD p = 0.0265)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Treated animals of both sexes showed significantly lower plaque density in the brain, i.e., the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Abstract
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In the paper
“Moreover, females consistently displayed a higher plaque density in comparison to males of the same age.”
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice · boosted
“we found a strikingly higher number of thioflavin-stained plaques in female compared to male mice.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice · boosted
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In the paper
“In addition, transgenic mice entered the dark compartment after longer latency (Figure 3G, F (1,28) = 8.635, p = 0.0065; post hoc Fisher’s PLSD p = 0.0071).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“5XFAD transgenic mice made fewer transitions between compartments (Figure 3E) (F(1,28) = 9.077, p = 0.0054; post hoc Fisher’s PLSD p = 0.0084)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In 22-week-old mice, the general brain morphology of 5XFAD transgenic mice is not affected by plaque deposition as exemplified in the hippocampus and cortex by Nissl staining (Figure 1A, B).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
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In the paper
“but did not differ between transgenic and non-transgenic mice (Figure 3B).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Likewise, tone memory (% freezing with tone in neutral - % freezing neutral without tone) was slightly but not significantly (p = 0.09) less in transgenic mice.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Chronic oral treatment with galantamine resulted in improved performance in behavioral tests, such as open field and light-dark avoidance, already at mildly affected stages compared to untreated controls.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Transgenic mice spend significantly less time in the corners of the maze”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and not significantly altered by galantamine treatment (data not shown)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During the neurological examination, transgenic mice did not display obvious abnormalities with respect to body posture, reflexes (uprighting, eye-blink), or general sensory perception (vision, hearing, touch, pain).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
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In the paper
“The latency of transgenic mice compared to non-transgenic mice was higher on the first exposure”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“was restored by galantamine treatment in a dose dependent fashion (Figure 5B)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the treatment with galantamine had no effect on the magnitude of the startle response”
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
“It did not modify the poor startle response or the lack of its prepulse inhibition in 5XFAD mice.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Astrocyte density and plaque density are strongly correlated in 5XFAD transgenic mice (C) (R2 = 0.62; ANOVA F(1,21) = 34.232; p<0.0001).”
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
“we found a positive correlation between the number of plaques and the extent of gliosis, quantified by the number of GFAP positive astrocytes.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the hippocampus of high dose treated transgenic males approximately 19% and in females approximately 25% less plaques were counted compared to untreated controls.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the hippocampus of high dose treated transgenic males approximately 19% and in females approximately 25% less plaques were counted compared to untreated controls.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The treatment with galantamine improved the behavior in the open field significantly”
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
“in the open field paradigm galantamine treatment restored the behavior of treated 5XFAD mice to normal.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment with galantamine reduced the time spent in the light to normal levels (Figure 5C)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but reduced the number of transitions even more (Figure 5D)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but was not able to normalize the startle response”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or its inhibition by prepulses (data not shown)”
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
“It did not modify the poor startle response or the lack of its prepulse inhibition in 5XFAD mice.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“freezing in the shock context (Figure 5F) or after the tone in a neutral environment (Figure 5G) by mock-treated transgenic mice was slightly but not significantly higher compared to controls”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transgenic animals treated with the high dose of galantamine showed a highly significant lower number of plaques in both areas compared to untreated control mice (p≤0.0001 according to ANOVA) (Figure 6, 7).”
- Also stated in: § Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice · plain
“Fewer plaques are detected in treated animals.”
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
“treated mice show a significantly lower plaque density in both the structures, irrespective of the sex, when compared to the untreated controls.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“freezing in the shock context (Figure 5F) or after the tone in a neutral environment (Figure 5G) by mock-treated transgenic mice was slightly but not significantly higher compared to controls”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the entorhinal cortex, 32% less plaques for males and 33% less for females were observed.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lower magnitude of the startle response was reproduced with these younger transgenic mice (Figure 5E)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Males (A–D) show fewer plaques in comparison to females (E–H), both, in the entorhinal cortex (A, B, E, F) and in the hippocampus (C, D, G, H).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the behavioral differences between transgenic and non-transgenic mice at this early age of 4–5 months confirmed the findings for the 7-month-old mice”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the entorhinal cortex, 32% less plaques for males and 33% less for females were observed.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the calculated context memory and the hippocampus independent tone memory were not significantly different.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lower plaque density reaching plateau levels at 10 months of age in males”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Time Course of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 5XFAD mice, we measured a very weak acoustic startle response”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we show here that plaque deposition occurs differently in the two sexes”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Time Course of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5XFAD mice showed a longer latency to enter the dark compartment for the first time.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“prepulses of various intensities did not inhibit this residual startle response”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5XFAD transgenic mice displayed already at the age of seven months a significantly lower body weight”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“galantamine did not alter the amount of water consumed”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while still increasing in females at least until an age of 14 months.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Time Course of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In agreement with previous studies [20], [21], [40], we observed very early onset of plaque deposition in 5XFAD mice beginning around 2 months of age.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Time Course of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] H Oakley, 2006, Intraneuronal β-Amyloid Aggregates, Neurodegeneration, and Neuron Loss in Transgenic Mice with Five Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Mutations: Potential Factors in Amyloid Plaque Formation, J Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [21] M Ohno, 2007, BACE1 gene deletion prevents neuron loss and memory deficits in 5XFAD APP/PS1 transgenic mice, Neurobiol Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [40] RJ Vassar, 2005, 5XFAD Tg mice that express five FAD mutations have high-cerebral aβ42 levels, rapid amyloid deposition, and intraneuronal aβ, Soc Neurosci Abstr
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we detected behavioral abnormalities in the anxiety addressing paradigms, namely, open field, light-dark avoidance, and O-maze”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“neuromuscular functioning and motor-coordination appeared normal”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the plant alkaloid galantamine additionally acts as an allosterically potentiating ligand of nicotinic receptors, increasing their sensitivity to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [9].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] A Maelicke, 2001, Allosteric Sensitization of Nicotinic Receptors by Galantamine, a New Treatment Strategy for Alzheimer’s Disease, Biol Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the 5XFAD transgenic model appears to be a suitable system to study the effects of pharmacologically active substances both on behavior and plaque load.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that motor coordination and motoric capabilities are not generally impaired in 5XFAD transgenic mice of this age.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Galantamine activates microglia resulting in enhanced Aβ clearance [16].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] K Takata, 2010, Galantamine-induced Amyloid-β Clearance Mediated via Stimulation of Microglial Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, J Biol Chem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reduced latency in comparison to the first exposure to the box, however, indicates formation of long-term memories by 5XFAD transgenic mice.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the age before saturation at 10 months appeared to be best suited for the analysis of plaque deposition after a chronic treatment.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, we identified several significant AD related behavioral differences between 5XFAD and control mice already at the age of seven months.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The 5X Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (5XFAD) mouse line co-overexpresses APP with three FAD mutations (K670N/M671L, I716V, and V717I) and PS1 with two FAD mutations (M146L and L286V) under the control of the neuron-specific thy1 promoter [20].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] H Oakley, 2006, Intraneuronal β-Amyloid Aggregates, Neurodegeneration, and Neuron Loss in Transgenic Mice with Five Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Mutations: Potential Factors in Amyloid Plaque Formation, J Neurosci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data indicated that galantamine treatment might reduce the formation of plaques in this model system.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the fear conditioning paradigm, galantamine generally increased freezing potentially indicating a side effect on anxiety.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating long-term memory formation”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A reduced plaque load has been positively correlated with better performances in behavioral tests [6], [57].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] S Schilling, 2008, Glutaminyl cyclase inhibition attenuates pyroglutamate Aβ and Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in vivo, Nat Med source
- Not checked yetcites [57] RB Demattos, 2012, A plaque-specific antibody clears existing β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease mice, Neuron source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a reduced plaque burden has been shown to be accompanied by a reduced glial activation [6], [60].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] S Schilling, 2008, Glutaminyl cyclase inhibition attenuates pyroglutamate Aβ and Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in vivo, Nat Med source
- Not checked yetcites [60] S Kalinin, 2012, The noradrenaline precursor L-DOPS reduces pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol Aging source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating sensorimotor gating deficits”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This implies that chronic galantamine administration reduced the level of astrogliosis in the AD mice brain.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“because these plaques are known to closely resemble the amyloid plaques in human AD patients [38].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Time Course of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] TM Wengenack, 2011, Regional differences in MRI detection of amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mouse brain, Neuroimage source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating the absence of an aversive response”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“galantamine has been shown to enhance microglial Aβ clearance [16].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] K Takata, 2010, Galantamine-induced Amyloid-β Clearance Mediated via Stimulation of Microglial Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, J Biol Chem source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The potential of galantamine to interfere with the extent of gliosis is, therefore, another positive outcome of the treatment.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“acetylcholinesterase has been shown to promote the aggregation of β-amyloid peptide fragments by forming a complex with the growing fibrils [54].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] M Singh, 2013, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer therapy: From nerve toxins to neuroprotection, Eur J Med Chem source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 5XFAD model, due to its early plaque development phenotype, has been investigated extensively to study the various aspects of early onset AD [20]–[24], [37].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Time Course of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]–[24]
- Not checked yetcites [37] I Annunziata, 2013, Lysosomal NEU1 deficiency affects amyloid precursor protein levels and amyloid-β secretion via deregulated lysosomal exocytosis, Nat Commun source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This application scheme resulted in the daily uptake of 14 mg/kg body weight (low dose) and 26 mg/kg body weight during the last phase of the treatment (Figure 4B).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A high dose treatment with a daily uptake of 26 mg/kg body weight was tolerated well and produced significantly larger positive effects than a lower dose treatment (14 mg/kg body weight) in terms of plaque density and behavior.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“gliosis being always positively correlated to plaque load.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantification of plaques in untreated 5XFAD mice showed a gender specific phenotype; the plaque density increased steadily reaching saturation in males after 10 months of age, whereas in females the density further increased until after 14 months of age.”
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice · plain
“Maximal density was not reached even at 14 months of age in females, whereas in males no increase in plaque density was observed after 10 months of age.”
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice · plain
“In males, plaque density increased in both brain areas and reached saturation at 10 months of age. In female mice, plaque accumulation was faster, reached higher levels, and continued to increase after 14 months of age.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, β amyloid deposits are usually associated with reactive astrocytes identified by immunohistochemical staining for GFAP (Figure 1G) and microglia identified by isolectin GSA staining (Figure 1H).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the body weight of transgenic mice was approximately 10% less than that of their control littermates, both, before and after the behavioral tests (Figure 3A)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the maximum and average grip strength were significantly higher for males compared to females (F(1,28) = 32.038, p<0.0001; F(1,28) = 25.969, p<0.0001, respectively)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Behavioral Analysis of Untreated Medium Age 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mock-treated transgenic mice showed less transitions”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“treatment with galantamine elevated the preference for the corners to normal levels in a dose dependent manner (Figure 5A)”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“treatment with galantamine resulted in increased freezing irrespective of the genotype”
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
“the treatment increased the overall freezing behavior in the fear conditioning paradigm irrespective of the genotype”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reduced avoidance of the center by transgenic mice”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and partially in the light-dark avoidance paradigm”
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
“the abnormal light-dark avoidance behavior of 5XFAD mice was partially normalized.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latency at the second encounter with the test box was reduced irrespective of genotype or treatment”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes are usually found in association with Aβ plaques (Figure 1).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and longer presence in the illuminated compartment”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Chronic Galantamine Treatment of 5XFAD Mice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During hippocampus dependent contextual fear conditioning we observed significantly more freezing of 5XFAD mice in the context but also in the neutral surrounding.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, galantamine exerts in cell systems neuroprotective effects by anti-apoptotic action [13], by modulating amyloid precursor processing [14], and by inhibiting β-amyloid aggregation and cytotoxicity [15].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] M Villarroya, 2007, An update on the pharmacology of galantamine, Expert Opin Investig Drugs source
- Not checked yetcites [14] SC Lenzken, 2007, Nicotinic component of galantamine in the regulation of amyloid precursor protein processing, Chem Biol Interact source
- Not checked yetcites [15] B Matharu, 2009, Galantamine inhibits beta-amyloid aggregation and cytotoxicity, J Neurol Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This model recapitulates a variety of AD features, including working memory impairment, reduced anxiety, extensive extracellular plaque formation beginning at 2 months of age, and selective neuron loss, making it a suitable research model for early-onset AD [20]–[24].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]–[24]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“by an experimenter not aware of the genotype.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Materials and Methods > Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the behavioral analysis, sex- and age-matched littermate wild-type mice were used as controls.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Materials and Methods > Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results strongly support that galantamine, in addition to improving cognitive and behavioral symptoms in AD, may have disease-modifying and neuroprotective properties, as is indicated by delayed Aβ plaque formation and reduced gliosis.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Our data show that galantamine slows down plaque deposition and improves behavioral performance.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to normalize regional bias in plaque load, 12 sections 200 µm apart from each other were selected from all animals in every experiment.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Materials and Methods > Histology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Long-term galantamine treatment of AD patients slows down cognitive and global decline [17] and reduces behavioral symptoms, most strongly in patients with moderate or advanced forms of the disease [18].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] ÅK Wallin, 2011, Galantamine treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: response and long-term outcome in a routine clinical setting, Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat source
- Not checked yetcites [18] S Kavanagh, 2011, Galantamine and behavior in Alzheimer disease: analysis of four trials, Acta Neurol Scand source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar long-term positive effects are also reflected in PET measurements [19].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] C Keller, 2011, Long-term effects of galantamine treatment on brain functional activities as measured by PET in Alzheimer’s disease patients, J Alz Dis source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine serve as first-line symptomatic drug treatment in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia [8].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] L Patel, 2011, Combination therapy for Alzheimer’s disease, Drugs Aging source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Chronic low-level stimulation of nicotinic receptors might up-regulate their expression [10], slow down neurodegeneration [11], and confer protection against β-amyloid toxicity [12].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] X Peng, 1997, Chronic nicotine treatment up-regulates alpha3 and alpha7 acetylcholine receptor subtypes expressed by the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, Mol Pharmacol source
- Not checked yetcites [11] JA Court, 1994, CNS nicotine receptors. Possible therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disorders, CNS Drugs
- Not checked yetcites [12] T Kihara, 1998, Stimulation of alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibits beta-amyloid toxicity, Brain Res source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased production of certain Aβ species, their aggregation, and deposition as insoluble plaques is regarded as an early and key pathology in the development of AD [2].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] M Citron, 2004, Strategies for disease modification in Alzheimer’s disease, Nat Rev Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“At a systemic level, therapeutic strategies to reverse or prevent Aβ deposits could lead to partial functional restoration of neural circuits [5].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] RB Knowles, 1999, Plaque-induced neurite abnormalities: Implications for disruption of neural networks in Alzheimer’s disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Therefore, most AD treatment approaches aim at prevention or reversal of Aβ plaque deposition [6], [7].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, Aβ deposits are easily identified by immunohistochemistry (Figure 1D) or by thioflavin-S staining (Figure 1F).”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Results > Quantitative Analysis of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Aβ plaques may serve as reservoirs of soluble Aβ oligomers injuring surrounding neurites and synapses [3], [4].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] RM Koffie, 2009, Oligomeric amyloid β associates with postsynaptic densities and correlates with excitatory synapse loss near senile plaques, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Not checked yetcites [4] TL Spires, 2005, Dendritic spine abnormalities in APP transgenic mice demonstrated by gene transfer and intravital multiphoton microscopy, J Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The amyloid cascade theory provides a rationale for many features of the disease including the pathological markers, the phenotypes caused by autosomal dominant disease genes, and the risk conferred by the APOE gene status [1].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] E Karran, 2011, The amyloid cascade hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease: an appraisal for the development of therapeutics, Nat Rev Drug Discov source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An improved thioflavin-S staining protocol [32] was used to ensure reduced photobleaching and tissue damage.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Materials and Methods > Histology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] A Sun, 2002, Comparative analysis of an improved thioflavin-s stain, Gallyas silver stain, and immunohistochemistry for neurofibrillary tangle demonstration on the same sections, J Histochem Cytochem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a number of current strategies e.g. glutaminyl cyclase inhibition and immunotherapy, involved in the treatment and/or prevention of AD progression are indeed directed against the deposition of plaques [6], [57].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] S Schilling, 2008, Glutaminyl cyclase inhibition attenuates pyroglutamate Aβ and Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in vivo, Nat Med source
- Not checked yetcites [57] RB Demattos, 2012, A plaque-specific antibody clears existing β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease mice, Neuron source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the positive effect of galantamine in restoring certain normal behavioral traits could result from its acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activity.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] M Singh, 2013, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer therapy: From nerve toxins to neuroprotection, Eur J Med Chem source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A higher plaque density in female transgenic mice has also been noted in other AD mouse models [33]–[35]”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Time Course of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]–[35]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The chronic treatment with galantamine had positive effects on certain behavioral tasks but could not rescue all the abnormalities.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A previous study by Unger et al. [56] reported that galantamine at a concentration of 2mg/kg injected subcutaneously for 10 days had no effect on the levels of soluble or insoluble forms of Aβ in 10 months old Tg2576 mice.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] C Unger, 2006, Effect of subchronic treatment of memantine, galantamine, and nicotine in the brain of Tg2576 (APPswe) transgenic mice, J Pharmacol Exp Ther source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“reduced plaque formation could have a role in preventing further cortical atrophy in AD brain, as plaque deposition in multiple studies has been correlated with accelerated cortical atrophy [58], [59].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5XFAD mice show at the age of seven months several behavioral deficits, a phenotype with mild cognitive impairment, and progressive amyloid plaque deposition”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we report a significantly delayed progression of amyloid plaque deposition and improvement of certain behavioral symptoms associated with AD in the 5XFAD Alzheimer’s disease model after chronic treatment with galantamine.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“galantamine binds to amyloid oligomers leading to a significant conformational change at the turn region (Asp23-Gly29) disrupting interactions between individual β strands and promoting a nontoxic conformation of Aβ (1–40) to prevent the formation of neurotoxic oligomers [55].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] PPN Rao, 2013, Investigating the binding interactions of galantamine with b-amyloid peptide, Bioorg Med Chem Lett source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in AD loss of pyramidal cells in lamina 2 of the entorhinal cortex and in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was described [39]”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Time Course of Plaque Deposition in 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] T Gomez-Isla, 1996, Profound Loss of Layer II Entorhinal Cortex Neurons Occurs in Very Mild Alzheimer’s Disease, J Neurosci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a similar APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model, sensorimotor gating deficits were reported for aged mice using prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response [51].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] H Wang, 2012, Sensorimotor gating and memory deficits in an APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Beh Brain Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has also been shown previously, that contextual fear conditioning after 1 footshock is normal in 5XFAD mice younger than 4 months, but impaired in the 6 month old animals, which could be overcome using 3–5 footshocks [48].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] R Kimura, 2009, Impairments in remote memory stabilization precede hippocampal synaptic and cognitive failures in 5XFAD Alzheimer mouse model, Neurobiol Dis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Likewise, several other AD mouse models display normal motor coordination and grip strength [44].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] SJ Webster, 2013, Comprehensive behavioral characterization of an APP/PS-1 double knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimers Res Ther source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To mimic the treatment regimen in humans, where the dosage is increased with time to minimize negative side effects [53]”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] B Seltzer, 2010, Galantamine-ER for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease, Clin Interv Aging
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“similar to the tendency to spend longer times in the center of the open field or the open arms of the elevated plus maze reported previously for 5XFAD [22], [23] and several other AD mouse models [45], [46].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] V Shukla, 2013, A truncated peptide from p35, a Cdk5 activator, prevents Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes in model mice, FASEB J source
- Not checked yetcites [23] O Wirths, 2010, Identification of low molecular weight pyroglutamate Aβ oligomers in Alzheimer’s disease: a novel tool for therapy and diagnosis, J Biol Chem source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Y Tong, 2010, COL25A1 triggers and promotes Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in vivo, Neurogenet source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“confirming previous studies reporting that 5XFAD mice do not exhibit sensory-motoric impairments in string hanging and beam walking before 9 months [24] or abnormal rota-rod coordination before 12 months [22] of age.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] S Jawhar, 2012, Motor deficits, neuron loss, and reduced anxiety coinciding with axonal degeneration and intraneuronal Aβ aggregation in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol Aging 33
- Not checked yetcites [22] V Shukla, 2013, A truncated peptide from p35, a Cdk5 activator, prevents Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes in model mice, FASEB J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Galantamine is known to have side effects with respect to cholinergically mediated gastrointestinal symptoms like other cholinesterase inhibitors [52].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] D Prvulovic, 2010, Galantamine for Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin, Drug Metab Toxicol source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Reduced hippocampus dependent trace fear conditioning, but normal hippocampus independent delay fear conditioning, which is comparable to the tone memory assayed here, has been reported for 5XFAD mice [47].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] M Ohno, 2006, Temporal memory deficits in Alzheimer’s mouse models: rescue by genetic deletion of BACE1, Eur Jour Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to the cholinergic hypothesis, a decreased production of acetylcholine or an amplified acetylcholinesterase activity results in impairment of the cholinergic transmission, in turn leading to the loss of intellectual abilities [54].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Galantamine Treatment Affects Behavior and Plaque Deposition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] M Singh, 2013, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer therapy: From nerve toxins to neuroprotection, Eur J Med Chem source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Suppression of sensorimotor gating has been repeatedly reported in AD patients [49], [50].”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] F Jessen, 2001, Sensory Gating Deficit Expressed by a Disturbed Suppression of the P50 Event-Related Potential in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [50] I Cancelli, 2006, Sensory gating deficit assessed by P50/Pb middle latency event related potential in Alzheimer’s disease, J Clin Neurophys source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our paradigm used 2 footshocks, which may have been sufficient to overcome a slight deficit.”
§ Galantamine Slows Down Plaque Formation and Behavioral Decline in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease > Discussion > Behavior of Untreated 7-months-old 5XFAD Mice
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The pattern of progressive plaque deposition and development in 5XFAD mice had not been systematically described before this study.
“However, the pattern of progressive plaque deposition and development has not yet been described in a systematic manner.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“female microglia exhibited heightened plaque pathology compared to age-matched male microglia in the 5xFAD model.70,71”
From Amyloid-β induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Females also appear to have increased BACE1 activity, a β-secretase processing enzyme which cleaves pAPP and produces pathogenic Aβ fragments [40,41], ultimately leading to increased amyloid plaque burden compared to male 5XFAD mice [41,42].”
From Centella Asiatica Improves Memory and Promotes Antioxidative Signaling in 5XFAD Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 15.912reported p = .0004 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,28) = 15.912, p = .0004”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 136797reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,28) = 136,797, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 24.426reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,28) = 24.426, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 147.182reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,28) = 147.182, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 32.038reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,28) = 32.038, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 25.969reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,28) = 25.969, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 5.245reported p = .0297 · recomputed p = .030
“F(1,28) = 5.245, p = .0297”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 9.077reported p = .0054 · recomputed p = .005
“F(1,28) = 9.077, p = .0054”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 9.026reported p = .0056 · recomputed p = .006
“F(1,28) = 9.026, p = .0056”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 8.635reported p = .0065 · recomputed p = .007
“F (1,28) = 8.635, p = .0065”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 4.345reported p = .0464 · recomputed p = .046
“F(1,28) = 4.345, p = .0464”
- ConsistentF(1, 24) = 23679reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,24) = 23,679, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(1, 24) = 15.319reported p = .0007 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,24) = 15.319, p = .0007”
- ConsistentF(1, 28) = 4.578reported p = .0412 · recomputed p = .041
“F(1,28) = 4.578, p = .0412”
- ConsistentF(1, 196) = 11.488reported p = .0021 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,196) = 11.488, p = .0021”
The paper states a correction for multiple tests
- ConsistentF(1, 32) = 4.542reported p = .0409 · recomputed p = .041
“F(1,32) = 4.542, p = .0409”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Oakley, H., Cole, S. L., Logan, S., Maus, E., Shao, P., Craft, J., Guillozet-Bongaarts, A., Ohno, M., Disterhoft, J., Van Eldik, L., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1202-06.2006 · Cited by 3,530
Karran, E., Mercken, M., & Strooper, B. D. (2011) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3505 · Cited by 2,188 · cited 1×
“The amyloid cascade theory provides a rationale for many features of the disease including the pathological markers, the phenotypes caused by autosomal dominant disease genes, and the risk conferred by the APOE gene status [1].”
Profound Loss of Layer II Entorhinal Cortex Neurons Occurs in Very Mild Alzheimer’s Disease
Gómez-Isla, T., Price, J. L., McKeel Jr., D. W., Morris, J. C., Growdon, J. H., & Hyman, B. T. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-14-04491.1996 · Cited by 1,796 · cited 1×
“Moreover, in AD loss of pyramidal cells in lamina 2 of the entorhinal cortex and in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was described [39], indicating that these brain structures are severely affected by the disease.”
Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant tau and APP
Lewis, J., Dickson, D. W., Lin, W.-L., Chisholm, L., Corral, A., Jones, G., Yen, S.-H., Sahara, N., Skipper, L., Yager, D., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058189 · Cited by 1,611
Alzheimer's disease: strategies for disease modification
Citron, M. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2896 · Cited by 1,075
Koffie, R. M., Meyer-Luehmann, M., Hashimoto, T., Adams, K. W., Mielke, M. L., Garcia-Alloza, M., Micheva, K. D., Smith, S. J., Kim, M. L., Lee, V. M., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811698106 · Cited by 850
Rogers, D. C., Fisher, E. M. C., Brown, S. D. M., Peters, J., Hunter, A. J., & Martin, J. E. (1997) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s003359900551 · Cited by 795 · cited 1×
“First, general parameters indicative of the health and neurological state were addressed following the neurobehavioral examination described by Whishaw and colleagues [27] and the tests of the primary screen of the SHIRPA protocol except startle response [28].”
Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Jacobsen, J. S., Wu, C.-C., Redwine, J. M., Comery, T. A., Arias, R., Bowlby, M., Martone, R., Morrison, J. H., Pangalos, M. N., Reinhart, P. H., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0600948103 · Cited by 701
Jawhar, S., Trawicka, A., Jenneckens, C., Bayer, T. A., & Wirths, O. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.027 · Cited by 623
Spires, T. L., Meyer-Luehmann, M., Stern, E. A., McLean, P. J., Skoch, J., Nguyen, P. T., Bacskai, B. J., & Hyman, B. T. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1879-05.2005 · Cited by 550
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- JA Court, 1994, CNS nicotine receptors. Possible therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disorders, CNS Drugs, 2, 216
- RJ Vassar, 2005, 5XFAD Tg mice that express five FAD mutations have high-cerebral aβ42 levels, rapid amyloid deposition, and intraneuronal aβ, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 587, 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease.
Marucci, G., Buccioni, M., Ben, D. D., Lambertucci, C., Volpini, R., & Amenta, F. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108352 · Cited by 1,147
Agrawal, M., Saraf, S., Saraf, S., Antimisiaris, S. G., Chougule, M. B., Shoyele, S. A., & Alexander, A. (2018) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.011 · Cited by 630
“that makes it inconvenient for the long-term oral treatment [96].”
BackgroundRole of Plant Derived Alkaloids and Their Mechanism in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Hussain, G., Rasul, A., Anwar, H., Aziz, N., Razzaq, A., Wei, W., Ali, M., Li, J., & Li, X. (2018) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.23247 · Cited by 352
“But it has also been considered that the long term use of galantamine can significantly attenuate the mortality [105].”
BackgroundWalczak, Ł. J., & Herbet, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179290 · Cited by 376
“Mice treated with galantamine demonstrated, besides benefits for cognitive impairment, reduced levels of βA in the brain and decreased glial cell activation [290].”
BackgroundDey, A., Bhattacharya, R., Mukherjee, A., & Pandey, D. K. (2016) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.005 · Cited by 232
“The compound delayed plaque formation and gliosis and reduced behavioral deficits in 5XFAD mouse AD model (Bhattacharya et al., 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bhattacharya, S., Haertel, C., Maelicke, A., & Montag, D.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Montag, Dirk
- ORCID
- Montag, Dirk
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-02-21
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e89454
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3931790
- OpenAlex
- W2037958764
- Semantic Scholar
- d508af336fe1e788f67129cdba6021b2b30f8426
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 6.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- galantamine, Alzheimer's disease, 5xFAD mice, amyloid plaques, plaque deposition, behavioral decline, sex differences, gliosis, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, disease-modifying therapy, neuroprotection, dose-dependent effects, plant alkaloids
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Galantamine, Male, Neurons, Sex Factors, Maze Learning, Mice, Plaque, Amyloid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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