Intermediate Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Modulate Human Placental Trophoblast Syncytialization
Open accessAbstract
Regulation of human placental syncytiotrophoblast renewal by cytotrophoblast migration, aggregation/fusion and differentiation is essential for successful pregnancy. In several tissues, these events are regulated by intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IKCa), in part through their ability to regulate cell volume. We used cytotrophoblasts in primary culture to test the hypotheses that IKCa participate in the formation of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast and in syncytiotrophoblast volume homeostasis. Cytotrophoblasts were isolated from normal term placentas and cultured for 66 h. This preparation recreates syncytiotrophoblast formation in vivo, as mononucleate cells (15 h) fuse into multinucleate syncytia (66 h) concomitant with elevated secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Cells were treated with the IKCa inhibitor TRAM-34 (10 µM) or activator DCEBIO (100 µM). Culture medium was collected to measure hCG secretion and cells fixed for immunofluorescence with anti-IKCa and anti-desmoplakin antibodies to assess IKCa expression and multinucleation respectively. K+ channel activity was assessed by measuring 86Rb efflux at 66 h. IKCa immunostaining was evident in nucleus, cytoplasm and surface of mono- and multinucleate cells. DCEBIO increased 86Rb efflux 8.3-fold above control and this was inhibited by TRAM-34 (85%; p<0.0001). Cytotrophoblast multinucleation increased 12-fold (p<0.05) and hCG secretion 20-fold (p<0.05), between 15 and 66 h. Compared to controls, DCEBIO reduced multinucleation by 42% (p<0.05) and hCG secretion by 80% (p<0.05). TRAM-34 alone did not affect cytotrophoblast multinucleation or hCG secretion. Hyposmotic solution increased 86Rb efflux 3.8-fold (p<0.0001). This effect was dependent on extracellular Ca2+, inhibited by TRAM-34 and 100 nM charybdotoxin (85% (p<0.0001) and 43% respectively) but unaffected by 100 nM apamin. In conclusion, IKCa are expressed in cytotrophoblasts and their activation inhibits the formation of multinucleated cells in vitro. IKCa are stimulated by syncytiotrophoblast swelling implicating a role in syncytiotrophoblast volume homeostasis. Inappropriate activation of IKCa in pathophysiological conditions could compromise syncytiotrophoblast turnover and volume homeostasis in pregnancy disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ca2+-activated K+ channels have recently been demonstrated to be important for trophoblast syncytialization and for syncytial volume homeostasis.
“In addition, Ca 2+ -activated K + channels have recently been demonstrated to be important for trophoblast syncytialization and for syncytial volume homeostasis (145).”
From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [145]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
International Union of Pharmacology: Approaches to the Nomenclature of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Catterall, W. A., Chandy, K. G., Clapham, D. E., Gutman, G. A., Hofmann, F., Harmar, A. J., Abernethy, D. R., & Spedding, M. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.4.5 · Cited by 7,126 · see citing works
Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms
LANG, F., BUSCH, G. L., RITTER, M., VÖLKL, H., WALDEGGER, S., GULBINS, E., & HÄUSSINGER, D. (1998) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.247 · Cited by 1,891 · see citing works
Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis
Mi, S., Lee, X., Li, X., Veldman, G. M., Finnerty, H. F., Collins‐Racie, L. A., LaVallie, E. R., Tang, X.-Y., Edouard, P., Howes, S., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35001608 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
Kliman, H. J., Nestler, J. E., SERMASI, E., Sanger, J. M., & Strauss, J. F. (1986) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-118-4-1567 · Cited by 1,572 · see citing works
Physiology of cell volume regulation in vertebrates
Hoffmann, E. K., Lambert, I. H., & Pedersen, S. F. (2009) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2007 · Cited by 1,441 · see citing works
Wei, A. D., Gutman, G. A., Aldrich, R. W., Chandy, K. G., Grissmer, S., & Wulff, H. (2005) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.9 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Receptor‐mediated control of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and apoptotic volume decrease (AVD)
Okada, Y., Maeno, E., Shimizu, T., Dezaki, K., Wang, J., & Morishima, S. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0003g.x · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Ishihara, N., Matsuo, H., Murakoshi, H., Laoag‐Fernandez, J. B., Samoto, T., & Maruo, T. (2002) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2002.119176 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Direct Involvement of HERV-W Env Glycoprotein in Human Trophoblast Cell Fusion and Differentiation
Frendo, J., Olivier, D., Cheynet, V., Blond, J.-L., Bouton, O., Vidaud, M., Rabreau, M., Evain‐Brion, D., & Mallet, F. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.10.3566-3574.2003 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
ATP-sensitive K+ channels and insulin secretion: their role in health and disease
Ashcroft, F., & Gribble, F. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051247 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Role of Ion Channels and Transporters in Cell Migration
Schwab, A., Fabian, A., Hanley, P. J., & Stock, C. (2012) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2011 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Placental apoptosis in preeclampsia
Allaire, A. D. (2000) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(00)00895-4 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Human cytotrophoblast differentiation/invasion is abnormal in pre-eclampsia.
Lim, K.-H., Zhou, Y., Janatpour, M. J., McMaster, M., Bass, K. E., Chun, S. H., & Fisher, S. J. (1997) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Role of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in human erythrocyte apoptosis
Lang, P. A., Kaiser, S., Myssina, S., Wieder, T., Lang, F. J. W., & Huber, S. M. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00186.2003 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Increased placental apoptosis in intrauterine growth restriction
SMITH, S. C. H., Baker, P. N., & SYMONDS, E. M. (1997) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70081-4 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Novel role of human chorionic gonadotropin in differentiation of human cytotrophoblasts
Shi, Q. J., Lei, Z. M., Rao, C. V., & Lin, J. (1993) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.132.3.7679981 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Increased placental apoptosis in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia
Leung, D. N., Smith, S. C., To, K. F., Sahota, D. S., & Baker, P. N. (2001) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2001.112906 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Apoptosis in the Trophoblast—Role of Apoptosis in Placental Morphogenesis
Huppertz, B., & Kingdom, J. C. P. (2004) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.jsgi.2004.06.002 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Characterization of the cloned human intermediate-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channel
Jensen, B., Strøbæk, D., Christophersen, P., et al. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.c848 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Isolation of pure villous cytotrophoblast from term human placenta using immunomagnetic microspheres
Douglas, G. C., & King, B. F. (1989) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/0022-1759(89)90405-5 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Syncytin-2 Plays an Important Role in the Fusion of Human Trophoblast Cells
Vargas, A., Moreau, J., Landry, S., Bellego, F. L., Toufaily, C., Rassart, É., Lafond, J., & Barbeau, B. (2009) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.025 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Langbein, M., Strick, R., Strissel, P. L., Vogt, N., Parsch, H., Beckmann, M. W., & Schild, R. L. (2007) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/mrd.20729 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Neylon, C. B., Lang, R. J., Fu, Y. H., Bobik, A., & Reinhart, P. H. (1999) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.85.9.e33 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Kv2.1 Ablation Alters Glucose-Induced Islet Electrical Activity, Enhancing Insulin Secretion
Jacobson, D. A., Kuznetsov, A., Lopez, J. P., Kash, S., Ämmälä, C. E., & Philipson, L. H. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.07.010 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Douglas, G. C., & King, B. F. (1990) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.96.1.131 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Proliferation of villous trophoblast of the human placenta in normal and abnormal pregnancies
Arnholdt, H., Meisel, F., Fandrey, K., & Löhrs, U. (1991) · Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology Including Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1007/bf02899568 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Downregulation of Placental Syncytin Expression and Abnormal Protein Localization in Pre-eclampsia
Lee, X., Keith, J. C., Stumm, N., Moutsatsos, I., McCoy, J. M., Crum, C. P., Genest, D. R., Chin, D., Ehrenfels, C. W., Pijnenborg, R., et al. (2001) · Placenta · doi:10.1053/plac.2001.0722 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The functional regeneration of syncytiotrophoblast in cultured explants of term placenta
Simán, C. M., Sibley, C. P., Jones, C. J. P., Turner, M. A., & Greenwood, S. L. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.4.r1116 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationCheong, A., Bingham, A. J., Li, J., Kumar, B., Sukumar, P., Munsch, C. M., Buckley, N. J., Neylon, C. B., Porter, K. E., Beech, D. J., et al. (2005) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.08.030 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Central Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in the Formation of Human Placental Syncytium
Yang, M.-F., Lei, Z. M., & Rao, C. V. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220922 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Mayhew, T. M., Manwani, R., Ohadike, C., Wijesekara, J., & Baker, P. N. (2006) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2006.02.011 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
A stereological perspective on placental morphology in normal and complicated pregnancies
Mayhew, T. M. (2009) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00994.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Cronier, L., Bastide, B., Hervé, J., Délèze, J., & Malassiné, A. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.135.1.8013377 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Reduced Expression of Both Syncytin 1 and Syncytin 2 Correlates With Severity of Preeclampsia
Vargas, A., Toufaily, C., LeBellego, F., et al. (2011) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719111404608 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Leung, Y. M., Kwan, E. P., Ng, B., Kang, Y., & Gaisano, H. Y. (2007) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Brown, L. M., Lacey, H. A., Baker, P. N., & Crocker, I. P. (2005) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-005-0051-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
IK channels are involved in the regulatory volume decrease in human epithelial cells
Wang, J., Morishima, S., & Okada, Y. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00132.2002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Tao, R., Lau, C., Tse, H., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00268.2008 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Huppertz, B., & Gauster, M. (2011) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0763-4_6 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Subcellular distribution of calcium‐sensitive potassium channels (IK1) in migrating cells
Schwab, A., Wulf, A., Schulz, C., et al. (2005) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.20434 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Trophoblast turnover in health and disease
Huppertz, B., Kaufmann, P., & Kingdom, J. C. (2002) · Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review · doi:10.1017/s0965539502000220 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Functional KV10.1 Channels Localize to the Inner Nuclear Membrane
Chen, Y., Sánchez, A., Rubio, M. E., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019257 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Crocker, I. P., Tansinda, D., & Baker, P. N. (2004) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1610 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Li, X., Herrington, J., Petrov, A., Ge, L., Eiermann, G., Xiong, Y., Jensen, M., Hohmeier, H., Newgard, C., Garcia, M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.112.199083 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Vázquez, E., Nobles, M., & Valverde, M. A. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.091096498 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Corrêa, R. R. M., Gilio, D. B., Cavellani, C. L., et al. (2007) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-007-0452-z · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Longtine, M. S., Chen, B., Odibo, A. O., Zhong, Y., & Nelson, D. M. (2011) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-11-0340 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Polarized ion transport during migration of transformed Madin-Darby canine kidney cells
Schwab, A., Gabriel, K., Finsterwalder, F., Folprecht, G., Greger, R. F., Kramer, A., & Oberleithner, H. (1995) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00386179 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
PLASMA BIOCHEMISTRY IN RELATION TO OEDEMA OF PREGNANCY
Robertson, E. G., & Cheyne, G. A. (1972) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1972.tb12918.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Johnstone, E., Sibley, C. P., Lowen, B., et al. (2005) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.105.044206 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, M. J., Rauer, H., Tomita, H., et al. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c100221200 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Weskamp, M., Seidl, W., & Grissmer, S. (2000) · The Journal of Membrane Biology · doi:10.1007/s002320010010 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Keratinocyte K+ Channels Mediate Ca2+-Induced Differentiation
Mauro, T. M., Dixon, D. B., Kömüves, L. G., et al. (1997) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12292585 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Maternal obesity and its effect on placental cell turnover
Higgins, L. E., Mills, T. A., Greenwood, S. L., Cowley, E. J., Sibley, C. P., & Jones, R. L. (2012) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2012.760539 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of cloned, Ca2+-activated K+ channels by cell volume changes
Grunnet, M., MacAulay, N., Jørgensen, N. K., Jensen, B., Olesen, S., & Klaerke, D. A. (2002) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-002-0782-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Placental Apoptosis in Preeclampsia
Allaire, A. D., BALLENGER, K. A., Wells, S. R., et al. (2000) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-200008000-00022 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Desforges, M., Parsons, L., Westwood, M., Sibley, C. P., & Greenwood, S. L. (2013) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.81 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasma Hemopexin Activity in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
Bakker, W. W., Donker, R. B., Timmer, A., et al. (2007) · Hypertension in Pregnancy · doi:10.1080/10641950701274896 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Liang, Z., Chen, L., McClafferty, H., Łukowski, R., MacGregor, D. J., King, J. T., Rizzi, S., Sausbier, M., McCobb, D. P., Knaus, H., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.219378 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ca2+-activated K+-channels in the nuclear envelope isolated from single pancreatic acinar cells
Maruyama, Y., Shimada, H., & Taniguchi, J. (1995) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00373851 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Calcium-activated K+ channels increase cell proliferation independent of K+ conductance
Millership, J. E., Devor, D. C., Hamilton, K. L., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00274.2010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fioretti, B., Pietrangelo, T., Catacuzzeno, L., & Franciolini, F. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00369.2004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Roberts, V. H. J., Webster, R. P., Brockman, D. E., et al. (2006) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2006.04.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Longtine, M. S., Barton, A., Chen, B., & Nelson, D. M. (2012) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2012.09.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Barfod, E. T., Moore, A. L., Roe, M. W., & Lidofsky, S. D. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m607730200 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effect of hyposmotic challenge on microvillous membrane potential in isolated human placental villi
Birdsey, T. J., Boyd, R. D., Sibley, C. P., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.5.r1479 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationClarson, L. H., Greenwood, S. L., Mylona, P., et al. (2001) · Placenta · doi:10.1053/plac.2000.0622 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPlacental syncytin expression in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies
Keith, J. C., Pijnenborg, R., & Assche, F. A. V. (2002) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2002.128512 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Williams, J., Fyfe, G. K., Sibley, C. P., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00193.2008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationPatch clamp studies of human placental cytotrophoblast cells in culture
Greenwood, S. L., Brown, P. D. N., Edwards, D., et al. (1993) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80282-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationGow, I. F., Thomson, J., Davidson, J., et al. (2005) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.04.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rapid endocytosis provides restricted somatic expression of a K+ channel in central neurons
Corrêa, S. A. L., Müller, J., Collingridge, G. L., & Marrion, N. V. (2009) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.058420 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clarson, L. H., Roberts, V. H. J., Greenwood, S. L., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00564.2001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationHypotonic stress activates an intermediate conductance K+ channel in human colonic crypt cells
Sand, P., Anger, Å., & Rydqvist, B. (2004) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01366.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effect of hyposmotic cell swelling on [Ca2+]i in human placental cytotrophoblast cells in culture
van de Put, F. H. M. M., Greenwood, S. L., & Sibley, C. P. (1996) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(96)90122-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation藤井, 浩., Lange, M., Jazbutyte, V., et al. (2008) · PubMed · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318160650f
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Placental Origins of Chronic Disease
Burton, G. J., Fowden, A. L., & Thornburg, K. L. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2015 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
- Authors
- Díaz, P., Wood, A. M., Sibley, C. P., & Greenwood, S. L.
- Affiliations
- National Health Service (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Díaz, Paula
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-03-03
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e90961
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3940956
- OpenAlex
- W2030868212
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Action Medical Research
- Tommy's
- Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion channel regulation and function
- Keywords
- intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, syncytiotrophoblast formation, trophoblast syncytialization, human chorionic gonadotropin secretion, cell volume regulation, potassium efflux, TRAM-34, charybdotoxin, hypoosmotic stress
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Benzimidazoles, Biological Transport, Cell Fusion, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Humans, Placenta, Pregnancy, Pyrazoles, Rubidium Radioisotopes, Trophoblasts, Linear Models, Cell Culture Techniques, Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
