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Controlling Social Stress in Virtual Reality Environments
Open accessAbstract
Virtual reality exposure therapy has been proposed as a viable alternative in the treatment of anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder. Therapists could benefit from extensive control of anxiety eliciting stimuli during virtual exposure. Two stimuli controls are studied in this study: the social dialogue situation, and the dialogue feedback responses (negative or positive) between a human and a virtual character. In the first study, 16 participants were exposed in three virtual reality scenarios: a neutral virtual world, blind date scenario, and job interview scenario. Results showed a significant difference between the three virtual scenarios in the level of self-reported anxiety and heart rate. In the second study, 24 participants were exposed to a job interview scenario in a virtual environment where the ratio between negative and positive dialogue feedback responses of a virtual character was systematically varied on-the-fly. Results yielded that within a dialogue the more positive dialogue feedback resulted in less self-reported anxiety, lower heart rate, and longer answers, while more negative dialogue feedback of the virtual character resulted in the opposite. The correlations between on the one hand the dialogue stressor ratio and on the other hand the means of SUD score, heart rate and audio length in the eight dialogue conditions showed a strong relationship: r(6) = 0.91, p = 0.002; r(6) = 0.76, p = 0.028 and r(6) = -0.94, p = 0.001 respectively. Furthermore, more anticipatory anxiety reported before exposure was found to coincide with more self-reported anxiety, and shorter answers during the virtual exposure. These results demonstrate that social dialogues in a virtual environment can be effectively manipulated for therapeutic purposes.
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“This significantly reduces the resource investment needed for exposure-based treatments, including time and finances (Hartanto et al., 2014; Carl et al., 2019; Emmelkamp, 2005; Miloff et al., 2016; Reeves et al., 2022; Boeldt et al., 2019; Robillard et al., 2011).”
From Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Hartanto et al., 2014
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality: From Statistics to Affective Computing
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hartanto, D., Kampmann, I. L., Morina, N., Emmelkamp, P. G. M., Neerincx, M. A., & Brinkman, W.-P.
- Affiliations
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hartanto, Dwi
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-03-26
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e92804
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3966821
- OpenAlex
- W2148863487
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 14.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2019-10-11)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (655.010.207)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, social anxiety disorder, virtual characters, anticipatory anxiety, heart rate, self-reported anxiety, speech length
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Stress, Psychological, User-Computer Interface, Young Adult
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