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Cited by 224Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesVirtual Reality Applications and Impacts

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Reducing Specific Phobia/Fear in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) through a Virtual Reality Environment Intervention

Open access
Maskey, Morag, Lowry, Jessica, Rodgers, Jacqui, McConachie, Helen, Parr, Jeremy R.·2014·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0100374PMC PMC4079659
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Abstract

UNLABELLED: Anxiety is common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), with specific fears and phobias one of the most frequent subtypes. Specific fears and phobias can have a serious impact on young people with ASD and their families. In this study we developed and evaluated a unique treatment combining cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) with graduated exposure in a virtual reality environment (VRE). Nine verbally fluent boys with an ASD diagnosis and no reported learning disability, aged 7 to 13 years old, were recruited. Each had anxiety around a specific situation (e.g. crowded buses) or stimulus (e.g. pigeons). An individualised scene was recreated in our 'wrap-around' VRE. In the VRE participants were coached by a psychologist in cognitive and behavioural techniques (e.g. relaxation and breathing exercises) while the exposure to the phobia/fear stimulus was gradually increased as the child felt ready. Each child received four 20-30 minute sessions. After participating in the study, eight of the nine children were able to tackle their phobia situation. Four of the participants completely overcame their phobia. Treatment effects were maintained at 12 months. These results provide evidence that CBT with VRE can be a highly effective treatment for specific phobia/fear for some young people with ASD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN58483069.

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Figure 1 CONSORT flow diagram.
Figure 1 CONSORT flow diagram.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Confidence rating scale for shopping scene (child’s version).
Figure 2 Confidence rating scale for shopping scene (child’s version).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Young person in the Blue Room.
Figure 3 Young person in the Blue Room.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Parents observing child in Blue Room via video link.
Figure 4 Parents observing child in Blue Room via video link.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Change in confidence levels as rated by participants.
Figure 5 Change in confidence levels as rated by participants.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Change in confidence levels as rated by parents.
Figure 6 Change in confidence levels as rated by parents.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Silverman WK, Albano AM (1996) Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV.: Parent interview schedule: Oxford University Press.

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Metadata

Authors
Maskey, M., Lowry, J., Rodgers, J., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R.
Affiliations
Newcastle University (GB)
Corresponding author
  • Maskey, Morag
  • Parr, Jeremy R.
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2014-07-02
Volume
9
Issue
7
Pages
e100374
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0100374
PMC
PMC4079659
OpenAlex
W2048921281
Cited by
215
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
FWCI
5.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
Funders
Newcastle University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, specific phobia, fear, virtual reality exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, graduated exposure, childhood anxiety, maintenance therapy, children and adolescents
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Breathing Exercises, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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