Treating anxiety in autistic adults: study protocol for the Personalised Anxiety Treatment–Autism (PAT-A©) pilot randomised controlled feasibility trial
Open accessAbstract
Background: Anxiety is common in autistic adults and significantly limits everyday opportunities and quality of life. Evidence-based psychological therapies offered by mental health services often fail to meet the needs of autistic adults. The development of appropriate treatments for mental health conditions and, in particular, anxiety has been identified as a key priority by the autism community. The Personalised Anxiety Treatment–Autism (PAT-A©) trial aims to address this need by investigating the feasibility and acceptability of delivering an individualised psychological treatment for anxiety experienced by autistic adults. Methods/design: This is a pilot randomised controlled feasibility trial. Up to 40 autistic adults with clinically diagnosed anxiety will be randomised into one of two groups (either the PAT-A© intervention or Current Clinical Services Plus two emotional literacy skills sessions). Before randomisation, participants will receive a detailed clinical assessment to inform formulation and guide anxiety treatment. As part of the baseline assessment participants will also identify two personally important ‘target situations’ that cause significant anxiety and impact upon their daily life. Based upon the formulation and identified target situations, participants randomised to the PAT-A© intervention will receive up to 12 individualised, one-to-one therapy sessions. Initial emotional literacy training sessions will be followed by a bespoke, modular, needs-based treatment approach utilising one or more of the following approaches: Mindfulness, Coping with Uncertainty in Everyday Situations (CUES), social anxiety and graded exposure within Virtual Reality Environments. Participants in the control arm will receive two psycho-educational sessions focussing on understanding and describing emotions and be signposted to healthcare provision as required. Data will be collected through quantitative and qualitative methods. Discussion: This feasibility pilot trial serves as the first stage in the development and evaluation of a manualised personalised, evidence-based psychological therapy treatment for anxiety in autistic adults. Study outcomes will be used to inform an application for a fully powered multi-site intervention trial of adults and young people. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ID: 15881562. Retrospectively registered on 9 August 2019.
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Outcome measures which have previously demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties for use with autistic adults were selected where available.
“Where available, outcome measures which have previously demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties for use with autistic adults were selected (see Parr et al., 2020 for full details).”
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- Authors
- Parr, J. R., Brice, S., Welsh, P., Ingham, B., Le Couteur, A., Evans, G., Monaco, A., Freeston, M., & Rodgers, J.
- Affiliations
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Parr, Jeremy R.
- Brice, Samuel
- Venue
- Trials
- Published
- 2020-03-14
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 265-265
- ISSN
- 1745-6215 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7071661
- OpenAlex
- W3011678356
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Autistica
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- anxiety, autistic adults, personalized treatment, emotional literacy, mindfulness, coping with uncertainty, virtual reality exposure, social anxiety, treatment feasibility, acceptability, psychoeducation, clinical formulation
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Emotional Regulation, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Pilot Projects, Quality of Life, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Uncertainty, Precision Medicine, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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