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The Effects of Mind-Body Therapies on the Immune System: Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Psychological and health-restorative benefits of mind-body therapies have been investigated, but their impact on the immune system remain less defined. OBJECTIVE: To conduct the first comprehensive review of available controlled trial evidence to evaluate the effects of mind-body therapies on the immune system, focusing on markers of inflammation and anti-viral related immune responses. METHODS: Data sources included MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO through September 1, 2013. Randomized controlled trials published in English evaluating at least four weeks of Tai Chi, Qi Gong, meditation, or Yoga that reported immune outcome measures were selected. Studies were synthesized separately by inflammatory (n = 18), anti-viral related immunity (n = 7), and enumerative (n = 14) outcomes measures. We performed random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean difference when appropriate. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies published in 39 articles (total 2, 219 participants) met inclusion criteria. For inflammatory measures, after 7 to 16 weeks of mind-body intervention, there was a moderate effect on reduction of C-reactive protein (effect size [ES], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04 to 1.12), a small but not statistically significant reduction of interleukin-6 (ES, 0.35; 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.75), and negligible effect on tumor necrosis factor-α (ES, 0.21; 95% CI, -0.15 to 0.58). For anti-viral related immune and enumerative measures, there were negligible effects on CD4 counts (ES, 0.15; 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.34) and natural killer cell counts (ES, 0.12, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.45). Some evidence indicated mind-body therapies increase immune responses to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Mind-body therapies reduce markers of inflammation and influence virus-specific immune responses to vaccination despite minimal evidence suggesting effects on resting anti-viral or enumerative measures. These immunomodulatory effects, albeit incomplete, warrant further methodologically rigorous studies to determine the clinical implications of these findings for inflammatory and infectious disease outcomes.
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“Indeed, mind-body interventions that target stress-response pathways also influence inflammatory dynamics.”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Morgan et al, 2014
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“Our meta-analyses found that a variety of different approaches including Tai chi, Yoga, and meditation, reduce circulating levels of CRP, for example (Morgan et al, 2014).”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Morgan et al, 2014
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Montero‐Marín, J., Andrés‐Rodríguez, L., Tops, M., Luciano, J. V., Navarro‐Gil, M., Feliu‐Soler, A., del Hoyo, Y. L., & García‐Campayo, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52260-z · Cited by 42
Lindsay, E. K., Creswell, J. D., Stern, H. J., Greco, C. M., Walko, T. D., Dutcher, J. M., Wright, A. G. C., Brown, K. W., & Marsland, A. L. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.05.001 · Cited by 38
Dao Yin (a.k.a. Qigong): Origin, Development, Potential Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications
Chen, X., Cui, J.-B., Li, R., Norton, R., Park, J., Kong, J., & Yeung, A. (2019) · Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/3705120 · Cited by 29
Impact of Tai Chi on CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Shu, C., Feng, S., Cui, Q., Cheng, S.-F., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-21-640 · Cited by 39
“Besides, a previous meta-analysis (46) evaluated the effects of mind-body therapies on inflammatory markers, which revealed the effects of Tai Chi/Qi Gong on CRP and IL-6 could be ignored.”
MethodHealth Concepts at Work in Interdisciplinary Fields
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“According to the American Psychiatric Association in the DSM-V, to be considered ADHD a child must have symptoms before the age of 12 years, for at least six months, and affecting two domains of life [6].”
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Exercise attenuates alveolar bone loss and anxiety‐like behaviour in rats with periodontitis
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Self-citationEmerging trends from COVID-19 research registered in the Clinical Trials Registry - India
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A Call to Use the Multicomponent Exercise Tai Chi to Improve Recovery From COVID-19 and Long COVID
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“Morgan et al. have found that MMT for eight to twelve weeks caused a reduction of C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations [98].”
BackgroundChanges Induced by Mind–Body Intervention Including Epigenetic Marks and Its Effects on Diabetes
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“, reductions in C-reactive protein) of mind–body therapies have been reported previously [13,28,29] and decreases in BDNF levels after another mind–body therapy (i.”
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Wang, C., McAlindon, T. E., Fielding, R. A., Harvey, W. F., Driban, J. B., Price, L. L., Kalish, R. A., Schmid, A., Scott, T. M., & Schmid, C. H. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0548-x · Cited by 28
“Previous trials have demonstrated that Tai Chi, a complex multi-component mind-body intervention can improve both physical health (aerobic cardiovascular fitness, muscle conditioning, and flexibility) and mental health (psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and perceptions of health) in patients with chronic co…”
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“The bottom-up and top-down regulation of brain and body[106] by YBLI, mediated by normative feedback loops,[107-110] may contribute to benefits of yoga in MDD patients who have susceptible gene polymorphisms and are resistant to treatment by SSRIs.”
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Mind–body therapies for older adults with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Yoga and Qigong for Health: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
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“Overall, the findings of Morgan et al. suggest that MBTs may reduce inflammation, particularly among clinical populations, as evidenced by the significant reductions in C-reactive protein (CRP) [27].”
BackgroundPsychological Benefits of Sports and Physical Activities
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“Although results have been inconsistent, emerging evidence suggests that mind-body therapies may be able to lower levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [8,9].”
BackgroundResultThe Exposome and Immune Health in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Role of Yoga in Cardiovascular Diseases
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“One previous meta-analysis presented that MBIs including mindfulness-based therapy, tai chi, and yoga may reduce markers of inflammation and influence virus-specific immune responses to vaccination [20].”
Mahendru, K., Pandit, A., Singh, V., Choudhary, N., Mohan, A., & Bhatnagar, S. (2021) · Indian Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.25259/ijpc_40_21 · Cited by 20
“[7] Therefore, the unexplored potential of this simple, useful, affordable, and easily available practice needs implementation in the modern era of conventional mainstream medicine.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Morgan, N., Irwin, M. R., Chung, M., & Wang, C.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Chenchen
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-07-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e100903
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4079606
- OpenAlex
- W1971901983
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 20.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000124, CTSI UL1TR000124, AG028748)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026364, R01AG034588, P30AG028748)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL095799)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA032922)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA160245, R01CA119159)
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT006367, K24AT007323, R01AT005521)
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UL1TR000124)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Biofield Effects and Biophysics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- mind-body interventions, immune system, inflammation, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, TNF-α, antiviral immunity, CD4 count, natural killer cells, Tai Chi, qigong, meditation, yoga, vaccine response, immunomodulation
- MeSH terms
- C-Reactive Protein, Humans, Inflammation, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Virus Diseases, Interleukin-6, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, MEDLINE, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Tai Ji
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