Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Tai Chi Reverse Cellular and Genomic Markers of Inflammation in Late-Life Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Background Sleep disturbance is associated with activation of systemic and cellular inflammation, as well as proinflammatory transcriptional profiles in circulating leukocytes. Whether treatments that target insomnia-related complaints might reverse these markers of inflammation in older adults with insomnia is not known.Methods In this randomized trial, 123 older adults with insomnia were randomly assigned to cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), tai chi chih (TCC), or sleep seminar education active control condition for 2-hour sessions weekly over 4 months with follow-up at 7 and 16 months. We measured C-reactive protein (CRP) at baseline and months 4 and 16; toll-like receptor-4 activated monocyte production of proinflammatory cytokines at baseline and months 2, 4, 7, and 16; and genome-wide transcriptional profiling at baseline and month 4.Results As compared with sleep seminar education active control condition, CBT-I reduced levels of CRP (months 4 and 16, ps < .05), monocyte production of proinflammatory cytokines (month 2 only, p < .05), and proinflammatory gene expression (month 4, p < .01). TCC marginally reduced CRP (month 4, p = .06) and significantly reduced monocyte production of proinflammatory cytokines (months 2, 4, 7, and 16; all ps < .05) and proinflammatory gene expression (month 4, p < .001). In CBT-I and TCC, TELiS promoter-based bioinformatics analyses indicated reduced activity of nuclear factor-κB and AP-1.Conclusions Among older adults with insomnia, CBT-I reduced systemic inflammation, TCC reduced cellular inflammatory responses, and both treatments reduced expression of genes encoding proinflammatory mediators. The findings provide an evidence-based molecular framework to understand the potential salutary effects of insomnia treatment on inflammation, with implications for inflammatory disease risk.
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The APOE ε4 allele is associated with late-life depression in humans.
“Population-based studies reveal that apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 gene allele is closely associated with late-life depression (LLD).”
From APOE4 genotype exacerbates the depression-like behavior of mice during aging through ATP decline (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction (page unavailable) links poor sleep and inflammatory markers to depression, but does not discuss APOE ε4. Searches of our copy for APOE ε4, apolipoprotein E, and a population-based genetic association found no passage addressing the claimed link with late-life depression. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere are approximately as many studies of APOE ε4 and depression that report positive results as those that find null results.
“there are approximately as many studies of APOE ε4 and depression that report positive results as those that find null results [2].”
From APOE4 genotype exacerbates the depression-like behavior of mice during aging through ATP decline (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The Methods and Results passages concern inflammatory markers in a late-life insomnia trial, while the References mention depression without addressing APOE ε4. Searches for APOE ε4, apolipoprotein E, and positive versus null depression findings found no passage in our copy comparing those studies. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn one of the largest CBT-I studies with over 100 older adults suffering from primary insomnia, CBT-I resulted in lower levels of CRP throughout the 16-mo follow-up period compared with adults receiving sleep education, and this decrease was associated with remission of insomnia.
“In one of the largest CBT-I studies with over 100 older adults suffering from primary insomnia, CBT-I resulted in lower levels of CRP throughout the 16-mo follow-up period compared with adults receiving sleep education, and this decrease was associated with remission of insomnia (258).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [258]
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Lee, E. E., Ancoli-Israel, S., Eyler, L. T., Tu, X. M., Palmer, B. W., Irwin, M. R., & Jeste, D. V. (2019) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.09.017 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAPOE4 genotype exacerbates the depression-like behavior of mice during aging through ATP decline
Fang, W., Xiao, N., Zeng, G., Bi, D., Dai, X., Mi, X., Ye, Q., Chen, X., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01631-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Vidyanti, A. N., Rahmawati, F., Rahman, R. H., Prodjohardjono, A., & Gofir, A. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2024.100028 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., Breen, E. C., Witarama, T., Carrillo, C., Sadeghi, N., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., Nicassio, P., Bootzin, R., & Cole, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Irwin, Michael R.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 721-729
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4524803
- OpenAlex
- W2098632554
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 26.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Aging (R01-AG034588)
- National Institutes of Health (R01-CA119159, R01-HL079955, R01 HL095799, P30-AG028748, P30-AG017265, UL RR 033176)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, older adults, systemic inflammation, C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokines, monocytes, pro-inflammatory gene expression, TLR4, nuclear factor-kappaB, AP-1, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Monocytes, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Gene Expression, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Inflammation Mediators, Gene Expression Profiling, Tai Ji, Toll-Like Receptor 4
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