The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis
Open accessAbstract
We have assembled extensive information on the cradle-to-gate environmental burdens of 63 metals in their major use forms, and illustrated the interconnectedness of metal production systems. Related cumulative energy use, global warming potential, human health implications and ecosystem damage are estimated by metal life cycle stage (i.e., mining, purification, and refining). For some elements, these are the first life cycle estimates of environmental impacts reported in the literature. We show that, if compared on a per kilogram basis, the platinum group metals and gold display the highest environmental burdens, while many of the major industrial metals (e.g., iron, manganese, titanium) are found at the lower end of the environmental impacts scale. If compared on the basis of their global annual production in 2008, iron and aluminum display the largest impacts, and thallium and tellurium the lowest. With the exception of a few metals, environmental impacts of the majority of elements are dominated by the purification and refining stages in which metals are transformed from a concentrate into their metallic form. Out of the 63 metals investigated, 42 metals are obtained as co-products in multi output processes. We test the sensitivity of varying allocation rationales, in which the environmental burden are allocated to the various metal and mineral products, on the overall results. Monte-Carlo simulation is applied to further investigate the stability of our results. This analysis is the most comprehensive life cycle comparison of metals to date and allows for the first time a complete bottom-up estimate of life cycle impacts of the metals and mining sector globally. We estimate global direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions in 2008 at 3.4 Gt CO2-eq per year and primary energy use at 49 EJ per year (9.5% of global use), and report the shares for all metals to both impact categories.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The high natural abundance of iron results in much lower market prices than tin, and its production rates are high and stable and have a low environmental impact.”
From Iron( ii ) carboxylates and simple carboxamides: an inexpensive and modular catalyst system for the synthesis of PLLA and PLLA-PCL block copolymers (2023) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Such downcycling constitutes itself an energy loss: pig iron production causes emissions of 1.5 kg CO 2 equivalent per kg iron, while alloying elements range from similar (1.9 kg CO 2 /kg metal for ferrochromium) to much higher (11 kg CO 2 /kg nickel from sulfide ores) [170], so that the emissions associated with highly alloyed steel can be significantly higher than those of construction steel.”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [170]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks
Bastian, M., Heymann, S., & Jacomy, M. (2009) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v3i1.13937 · Cited by 11,675
Thring, M. W. (1977) · Electronics and Power · doi:10.1049/ep.1977.0180 · Cited by 7,338
Klüppel, H.-J. (2005) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1065/lca2005.03.001 · Cited by 4,650
KIRK-OTHMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
(1982) · Chemical & Engineering News · doi:10.1021/cen-v060n014.ibc · Cited by 2,410
Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths
Gupta, C. K., & Krishnamurthy, N. (2000) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203413029 · Cited by 830
Assessing the environmental impact of metal production processes
Norgate, T. E., Jahanshahi, S., & Rankin, W. J. (2006) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.06.018 · Cited by 726
Global Lithium Availability: A Constraint for Electric Vehicles?
Gruber, P. W., Medina, P. A., Keoleian, G. A., Kesler, S. E., Everson, M. P., & Wallington, T. J. (2011) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00359.x · Cited by 620
Methodology of Metal Criticality Determination
Graedel, T. E., Barr, R., Chandler, C., Chase, T. C., Choi, J., Christoffersen, L., Friedlander, E., Henly, C., Jun, C., Nassar, N. T., et al. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es203534z · Cited by 610
An Environmental Analysis of Machining
Dahmus, J. B., & Gutowski, T. G. (2004) · ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE) · doi:10.1115/imece2004-62600 · Cited by 582
Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions
International Energy Agency (2007) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264030404-en · Cited by 553
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 79 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Graedel TE, Allwood J, Birat J-P, Buchert M, Hagelüken C, <etal>et al</etal>.. (2011) What Do We Know About Metal Recycling Rates? J Ind Ecol <volume>15</volume>: : 355–366. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00342.x/abstract. Accessed 1 October 2012. · DOI
- Gupta CK (2004) Chemical Metallurgy. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/3527602003.fmatter/summary. Accessed 24 July 2013. · DOI
- NRC (2008) Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy..Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press. 264 p.
- Ashby MF, Miller A, Rutter F, Seymour C, Wegst UGK (2012) CES EduPack for Eco Design — A White Paper. Cambridge, UK: Granta Design Ltd.
- USBM (1985) Mineral Facts and Problems: 1985 Edition. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 779
Guzmán, J. I., Faúndez, P. I., Jara, J. J., & Retamal, C. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133588 · Cited by 27
Park, J., Jeon, D., Kang, Y., Ryu, J., & Lee, D. W. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d2ta08775h · Cited by 22
Liga, S. M., Kavanagh, S. R., Walsh, A., Scanlon, D. O., & Konstantatos, G. (2023) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05204 · Cited by 21
Tschulkow, M., Pizzol, M., Compernolle, T., den Bosch, S. V., Sels, B. F., & Passel, S. V. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107466 · Cited by 22
Maranghi, S., Parisi, M. L., Basosi, R., & Sinicropi, A. (2021) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.13428.1 · Cited by 22
Mueller, S. R., Wäger, P. A., Turner, D. A., Shaw, P. J., & Williams, I. D. (2017) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.043 · Cited by 22
Metals for energy & digital transition in Spain: Demand, recycling and sufficiency alternatives
Lallana, M., Torrubia, J., & Valero, A. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107597 · Cited by 22
Puszkiel, J., Neves, A. M., Warfsmann, J., Krause, P. S., Kaufmann, T., Hoberg, A. R., Hegen, O., Kötter, A., Klassen, T., & Jepsen, J. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.161 · Cited by 21
A proposal of twelve principles for LCA of chemicals
Cespi, D. (2025) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4gc04844j · Cited by 21
Efficient Screening of Bi–Metallic Electrocatalysts for Glycerol Valorization
dos Santos, E. C., Araujo, R. B., Valter, M., Salazar‐Alvarez, G., Johnsson, M., Bajdich, M., Abild‐Pedersen, F., & Pettersson, L. G. M. (2021) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139283 · Cited by 22
Ganin, A. Y., & Symes, M. D. (2022) · Current Opinion in Electrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2022.101001 · Cited by 21
Ghisellini, P., Ncube, A., Casazza, M., & Passaro, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2022.930061 · Cited by 26
Cordero‐Lanzac, T., Ramírez, A., Cruz-Fernandez, M., Zander, H., Joensen, F., Woolass, S., Meiswinkel, A., Styring, P., Gascón, J., & Olsbye, U. (2022) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102337 · Cited by 21
Becker, F., Eser, R. A., Hoelzmann, P., & Schütt, B. (2019) · Journal of Geochemical Exploration · doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.04.009 · Cited by 21
Muller, S. M., Lai, F., Beylot, A., Boitier, B., & Villeneuve, J. (2020) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.02.002 · Cited by 21
Self-sufficiency of the European Union in critical raw materials for E-mobility
Koese, M., Parzer, M., Sprecher, B., & Kleijn, R. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108009 · Cited by 23
Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
Law, C. K. Y., Bonin, L., Gusseme, B. D., Boon, N., & Kundu, K. (2022) · Nanotechnology Reviews · doi:10.1515/ntrev-2022-0482 · Cited by 20
Life cycle assessment of spectra-managed greenhouses for sustainable agriculture
Sajid, M. U., Khan, S. A., Koç, M., Al‐Ghamdi, S. G., & Biçer, Y. (2023) · Cleaner Environmental Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cesys.2023.100127 · Cited by 20
Iron Dihydride Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Catalytic Applications
Dai, H., & Guan, H. (2017) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.201700101 · Cited by 20
Tevis, R., Schuster, N., Evans, F., Himmler, R., & Gheewala, S. H. (2019) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.02.038 · Cited by 20
Wang, Y., Gao, F., Sun, B., Chen, W., & Nie, Z. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125627 · Cited by 19
Wei, Z., Liang, X., Wang, L., Yuan, Z., & Wu, L. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.115973 · Cited by 19
Environmental benefits of coatings based on nano-tungsten-carbide cobalt ceramics
Wigger, H., Steinfeldt, M., & Bianchin, A. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.179 · Cited by 19
Simultaneously tracing the fate of seven metals at a global level with MaTrace‐multi
Helbig, C., Kondo, Y., & Nakamura, S. (2022) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13219 · Cited by 19
Environmental Assessment of Lithium-Ion Battery Lifecycle and of Their Use in Commercial Vehicles
Nastasi, L., & Fiore, S. (2024) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries10030090 · Cited by 18
Influence of Composition on the Environmental Impact of a Cast Aluminum Alloy
Gómez, P., Elduque, D., Sarasa, J., Pina, C., & Javierre, C. (2016) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma9060412 · Cited by 19
Tortajada, P. J., Kärnman, T., Martínez‐Pardo, P., Nilsson, C., Holmquist, H., Johansson, M. J., & Martín‐Matute, B. (2024) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4gc02924k · Cited by 19
Integrating life cycle assessment into supply chain optimization
Hülagü, S., Dullaert, W. E. H., Eruguz, A. S., Heijungs, R., & Inghels, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316710 · Cited by 18
Kumar, P. P., Santos, D. A., Braham, E. J., Sellers, D. G., Banerjee, S., & Dixit, M. (2020) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d0em00424c · Cited by 18
The Influence of Consumer Behavior on Climate Change: The Case of Switzerland
Matasci, C., Gauch, M., Böni, H. W., & Wäger, P. A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052966 · Cited by 18
Lithium batteries safety, wider perspective
Łukasz, B., Rybakowska, I., Krakowiak, A., Gregorczyk, M., & Waldman, W. (2022) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01995 · Cited by 22
Economic and environmental assessment of high‐strength steel grades
Saufnay, L., & Demonceau, J. (2023) · ce/papers · doi:10.1002/cepa.2291 · Cited by 18
Mild Photochemical Reduction of Alkenes and Heterocycles via Thiol-Mediated Formate Activation
Brzezinski, C. U., LeBlanc, A. R., Clerici, M. G., & Wuest, W. M. (2024) · Organic Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01894 · Cited by 18
Malaj, F., Tampucci, A., Lentini, D., Brogi, L., Berretti, E., Coletti, C., Forti, S., Rossi, A., & Santoro, C. (2024) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145109 · Cited by 18
Turk, J., Pranjić, A. M., Tomasin, P., Škrlep, L., Antelo, J., Favaro, M., Škapin, A. S., Bernardi, A., Ranogajec, J. G., & Chiurato, M. A. (2017) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-017-1260-8 · Cited by 18
Attique, S., Ali, N., Rauf, S., Ali, S., Khesro, A., Khatoon, R., Khan, E. U., Akram, F., Yang, S., & Wu, H. (2021) · Solar RRL · doi:10.1002/solr.202100212 · Cited by 18
Lima, L. D. S., Alvarenga, R. A. F., Amaral, T. D. S., Nolli, P. D. T. G., & Dewulf, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131327 · Cited by 18
Lai, F., Beylot, A., Navarro, R., Schimek, P., Hartlieb, P., Johansson, D., Segarra, P., Amor, C., & Villeneuve, J. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128030 · Cited by 17
García-Casas, M., Gálvez‐Martos, J., & Dufour, J. (2021) · Computers & Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107624 · Cited by 17
Life cycle assessment of jointly produced solar energy materials: Challenges and best practices
Bustamante, M. L., Hubler, B. J., Gaustad, G. G., & Babbitt, C. W. (2016) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.05.007 · Cited by 17
Critical metals in discarded electronics
Bakas, I., Herczeg, M., Vea, E. B., Fr�ne, A., Youhanan, L., & Baxter, J. (2016) · TemaNord · doi:10.6027/tn2016-526 · Cited by 17
A high-level estimate of the material footprints of the ICT and the E&M sector
Malmodin, J., Bergmark, P., & Matinfar, S. (2018) · EPiC Series in Computing · doi:10.29007/q5fw · Cited by 16
Weißenberger, T., Zapf, R., Pennemann, H., & Kolb, G. (2024) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal14020104 · Cited by 17
Toward greener MOFs in phosphate adsorption: A performance-based approach to green MOF selection
Gongora, G. R. A., & Hanandeh, A. E. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.122185 · Cited by 16
Techno-economic and life cycle analyses of the synthesis of a platinum–strontium titanate catalyst
Ferdous, S., Gracida-Alvarez, U. R., Ferrandon, M. S., Delferro, M., Benavides, P. T., & Urgun‐Demirtas, M. (2025) · Catalysis Science & Technology · doi:10.1039/d5cy00189g · Cited by 17
Is ‘Green’ Gold and Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Environmentally Friendly?
Reijnders, L. (2025) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano15141095 · Cited by 18
Gramlich, A., Helbig, C., Schmidt, M., & Hagedorn, W. (2024) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01040 · Cited by 18
Tagliaferri, C., Görke, R. H., Scott, S. A., Dennis, J. S., & Lettieri, P. (2017) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2017.11.010 · Cited by 16
Kim, K.-M., & Kim, D. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162411010 · Cited by 15
Papidocha, S. M., Wilke, H. R., Patej, K. J., Isomura, M., Stucky, T. J., Rothenbühler, L., & Carreira, E. M. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c01928 · Cited by 15
Shabdin, M. J., Wong, W. Y., Loh, K. S., Othman, N. A. F., Yang, H., Abdullah, M. A., Kamal, A., & Lim, K. L. (2025) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2025.119374 · Cited by 18
Resource, economic, and carbon benefits of end-of-life trucks’ urban mining in China
Xu, G., Xin, X., Liu, W., Yang, S., Miao, Y., Liu, F., Liu, H., Feng, Y., Liang, X., He, Z., et al. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02832-x · Cited by 15
RecoDust—An Efficient Way of Processing Steel Mill Dusts
Raupenstrauch, H., Doschek, K., Rieger, J., & Reiter, W. (2019) · Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy · doi:10.1007/s40831-019-00216-y · Cited by 15
Foteinis, S., Hatzisymeon, M., Borthwick, A. G. L., & Chatzisymeon, E. (2021) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments8030023 · Cited by 15
Designing 3d metal oxides: selecting optimal density functionals for strongly correlated materials
Østrøm, I., Hossain, M. A., Burr, P. A., Hart, J. N., & Hoex, B. (2022) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d2cp01303g · Cited by 15
Highlighting the Role of Archaea in Urban Mine Waste Exploitation and Valorisation
Azim, A. A., Bellini, R., Vizzarro, A., Bassani, I., Pirri, C. F., & Menin, B. (2023) · Recycling · doi:10.3390/recycling8010020 · Cited by 15
Sufficiency, Sustainability, and Circularity of Critical Materials for Clean Hydrogen
Moreira, S., & Laing, T. J. (2022) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/38413 · Cited by 15
On the security of graphite supply
Weber, L. (2023) · Mineralogy and Petrology · doi:10.1007/s00710-023-00816-3 · Cited by 15
Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Peng, H., Zhou, W., Jiang, A., Zhou, F., Wang, H., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.038 · Cited by 15
Abeynaike, A., & Barbenel, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.146 · Cited by 15
Low-Temperature Methane Combustion Using Ozone over Coβ Catalyst
Yasumura, S., Nagai, K., Miyazaki, S., Qian, Y., Chen, D., Toyao, T., Κamiya, Y., & Shimizu, K. (2024) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.4c05967 · Cited by 15
Xiong, Y., Wang, F., Zhao, D., Sun, X., Ren, F., Zhao, M., Hao, J., Wu, Y., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107877 · Cited by 15
Losses and environmental aspects of a byproduct metal: tellurium*
Nuss, P. (2019) · Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.1071/en18282 · Cited by 15
Self-citationRecycling – ein Mittel zu welchem Zweck?
Schäfer, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-32924-2 · Cited by 14
Halawy, S. A., Osman, A. I., Mehta, N., Abdelkader, A., Vo, D. N., & Rooney, D. W. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133795 · Cited by 15
Thampy, S., Ashburn, N., Cho, K., & Hsu, J. W. P. (2021) · Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research · doi:10.1002/aesr.202000075 · Cited by 18
Li, J., Das, A., Ma, Q., Bedzyk, M. J., Kratish, Y., & Marks, T. J. (2022) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.1c04319 · Cited by 15
Keykha, M., Einollahipeer, F., Abyar, H., & Erfani, M. (2025) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1093/inteam/vjae030 · Cited by 14
A recyclable type‐I photosensitizer to enable red‐light‐driven gram‐scale aerobic photocatalysis
Yan, S., Qiao, L., Chen, L., Guo, W., & Peng, H. (2025) · Smart Molecules · doi:10.1002/smo.20250003 · Cited by 14
Constrained Geometry ansa‐Half‐Sandwich Complexes of Magnesium – Versatile s‐Block Catalysts
Wirtz, L., Ghulam, K. Y., Morgenstern, B., & Schäfer, A. (2022) · ChemCatChem · doi:10.1002/cctc.202201007 · Cited by 14
Marafi, M., Pathak, A., & Rana, M. S. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-32236-x · Cited by 14
Karam, L., Farès, C., Weidenthaler, C., & Neumann, C. N. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202404292 · Cited by 17
Shen, M.-X., Deng, C., Yang, J., & Deng, J. G. (2024) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4gc02798a · Cited by 14
The path toward metal-halide perovskite industrialization
Giuri, A., Mastria, R., & Rizzo, A. (2024) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102245 · Cited by 14
Mohamed, A. M. O., & Biçer, Y. (2020) · Computers & Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.107130 · Cited by 14
Amide-functionalised phosphonium-based ionic liquids as ligands for rhodium( iii ) extraction
Yoshida, W., & Goto, M. (2021) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d1ra00489a · Cited by 17
Mohamed, A. M. O., & Biçer, Y. (2022) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.152376 · Cited by 15
New Sustainable Multilayered Membranes Based on ZrVTi for Hydrogen Purification
Fasolin, S., Barison, S., Agresti, F., Battiston, S., Fiameni, S., Isopi, J., & Armelao, L. (2022) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes12070722 · Cited by 14
Dynamic accounting of carbon uptake in the built environment
Van Roijen, E., Kane, S., Fan, J., Olsson, J. A., Bose, B., Hendrickson, T. P., Nordahl, S. L., Kendall, A., Scown, C. D., & Miller, S. A. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c00080 · Cited by 14
The costs of subsidies and externalities of economic activities driving nature decline
Reyes‐García, V., Villasante, S., Benessaiah, K., Pandit, R., Agrawal, A., Claudet, J., Garibaldi, L. A., Kabisa, M., Pereira, L. M., & Zinngrebe, Y. M. (2025) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-025-02147-3 · Cited by 13
Amato, A., Ippolito, N. M., D'Arcangelo, M., Becci, A., Innocenzi, V., & Ferella, F. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145817 · Cited by 13
A Simple Supramolecular Approach to Recycling Rare Earth Elements
O’Connell-Danes, J. G., Ilik, B. O., Hull, E. E., Ngwenya, B. T., Morrison, C. A., & Love, J. B. (2024) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c03063 · Cited by 13
Rojacz, H., Pichelbauer, K., Varga, M., & Mayrhofer, P. H. (2024) · Surface and Coatings Technology · doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131014 · Cited by 13
High-temperature abrasive wear behaviour of strengthened iron-aluminide laser claddings
Rojacz, H., Varga, M., & Mayrhofer, P. H. (2024) · Surface and Coatings Technology · doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131585 · Cited by 13
Sverdrup, H. U., Ólafsdóttir, A. H., & Ragnarsdottir, K. V. (2017) · BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality · doi:10.1007/s41247-017-0028-x · Cited by 13
Palomino, A., Marty, J., Auffret, S., Joumard, I., Sousa, R. C., Prejbeanu, L., Ageron, B., & Diény, B. (2021) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00270 · Cited by 13
Nickel Hyperaccumulator Biochar as a Ni-Adsorbent and Enhanced Bio-ore
Smoak, R. A., & Schnoor, J. L. (2021) · ACS Environmental Au · doi:10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00018 · Cited by 13
Eco-restoration of bauxite mining: An ecological approach
Yadav, S. K., Banerjee, A., Jhariya, M. K., Meena, R. S., Khan, N. A., & Raj, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822976-7.00028-4 · Cited by 13
Homogeneous Gold Catalysis Using Complexes Recovered from Waste Electronic Equipment
McCarthy, S. M., Desaunay, O., Jie, A. L. W., Hassatzky, M., White, A. J. P., Deplano, P., Braddock, D. C., Serpe, A., & Wilton‐Ely, J. D. E. T. (2022) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04092 · Cited by 13
Andler, J., Mathur, N., Sutherland, J. W., Zhao, F., & Handwerker, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120847 · Cited by 13
Carrick, A. I., Doidge, E. D., Bouch, A., Nichol, G. S., Patrick, J., Schofield, E. R., Morrison, C. A., & Love, J. B. (2021) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202100630 · Cited by 13
Alsulami, B., Harwell, J., Zante, G., Abbott, A. P., Feeney, A., & Kettle, J. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108429 · Cited by 13
Lai, F., Muller, S. M., Philippe, A., Istrate, I.-R., Xicotencatl, B. M., Aski, A. M., Mas-Fons, A., Segura-Salazar, J., Santillán‐Saldivar, J., Cimprich, A., et al. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108709 · Cited by 12
Jang, W. J., Park, P. J., Ong, W., & Kim, S. (2026) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-026-01158-1 · Cited by 12
Mass, enthalpy, and chemical‐derived emission flows in mineral processing
Kane, S., & Miller, S. A. (2024) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13476 · Cited by 14
Feix, T., & Hache, E. (2025) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105516 · Cited by 12
A Review of Preparation Strategies for α-MoC1–x Catalysts
Zanet, A., & Kondrat, S. A. (2021) · Johnson Matthey Technology Review · doi:10.1595/205651322x16383716226126 · Cited by 12
The global iron industry and the Anthropocene
Mallinger, K., & Mergili, M. (2020) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019620982332 · Cited by 12
Nastro, R. A., Leccisi, E., Toscanesi, M., Liu, G., Trifuoggi, M., & Ulgiati, S. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14154453 · Cited by 12
Life cycle assessment for primary gallium production at industrial-scale
Luo, H., Huang, T.-Y., Wu, X., & Zhao, F. (2025) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-025-02492-1 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Nuss, P., & Eckelman, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nuss, Philip
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-07-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e101298
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4085040
- OpenAlex
- W2046102090
- Cited by
- 777
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 20.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Keywords
- metals, life cycle assessment, environmental impact, mining, metal purification, metal refining, global warming potential, greenhouse gas emissions, human health effects, ecosystem damage, coproducts, platinum group metals, gold, iron, aluminum, thallium, tellurium, primary energy consumption
- MeSH terms
- Carbon Dioxide, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Metals, Minerals, Ecosystem, Global Warming
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
