Global Lithium Availability: A Constraint for Electric Vehicles?
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Lithium is a key ingredient in lithium-ion batteries used to power electric vehicles, energy grid storage, and portable electronic devices, and it also has direct uses in ceramics, glass, and other products.
“lithium is a key ingredient in lithium-ion batteries used to power electric vehicles (EVs), energy grid storage, and portable electronic devices, in addition to its direct uses in ceramics, glass, and other products”
From Lithium and water: Hydrosocial impacts across the life cycle of energy storage (2024) · cites this paper as Gruber et al., 2011
The Additional information section models lithium demand for vehicle batteries and portable-electronics batteries. Its Table S-25 lists ceramics and glass among lithium uses, and the Non-battery demand forecast section lists frits, glass, lubricants, and other applications. The passages found do not address lithium-ion batteries used for energy-grid storage, so that part of the claim is unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBecause BEVs and PHEVs will control the majority of the EV market, lithium-ion batteries will probably be a significant component of the future generation of EVs.
“Since BEVs and PHEVs will control the majority of the EV market, LBs will probably be a significant component of the future generation of EVs [14,15].”
From Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain and Critical Materials: A Brief Survey of State of the Art (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Gruber, P. W., Medina, P. A., Keoleian, G. A., Kesler, S. E., Everson, M. P., & Wallington, T. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Ford Motor Company (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keoleian, Gregory A.
- Venue
- Journal of Industrial Ecology
- Published
- 2011-07-26
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 760-775
- ISSN
- 1088-1980 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1808360606
- Cited by
- 620
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 35.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Industrial Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Social Sciences › Law › Geology and Environmental Impact Studies
- Keywords
- lithium resources, lithium demand, electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, lithium deposits, resource adequacy, battery materials
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