Niche Partitioning in Sympatric Gorilla and Pan from Cameroon: Implications for Life History Strategies and for Reconstructing the Evolution of Hominin Life History
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Factors influencing the hominoid life histories are poorly understood, and little is known about how ecological conditions modulate the pace of their development. Yet our limited understanding of these interactions underpins life history interpretations in extinct hominins. Here we determined the synchronisation of dental mineralization/eruption with brain size in a 20th century museum collection of sympatric Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes from Central Cameroon. Using δ13C and δ15N of individuals' hair, we assessed whether and how differences in diet and habitat use may have impacted on ape development. The results show that, overall, gorilla hair δ13C and δ15N values are more variable than those of chimpanzees, and that gorillas are consistently lower in δ13C and δ15N compared to chimpanzees. Within a restricted, isotopically-constrained area, gorilla brain development appears delayed relative to dental mineralization/eruption [or dental development is accelerated relative to brains]: only about 87.8% of adult brain size is attained by the time first permanent molars come into occlusion, whereas it is 92.3% in chimpanzees. Even when M1s are already in full functional occlusion, gorilla brains lag behind those of chimpanzee (91% versus 96.4%), relative to tooth development. Both bootstrap analyses and stable isotope results confirm that these results are unlikely due to sampling error. Rather, δ15N values imply that gorillas are not fully weaned (physiologically mature) until well after M1 are in full functional occlusion. In chimpanzees the transition from infant to adult feeding appears (a) more gradual and (b) earlier relative to somatic development. Taken together, the findings are consistent with life history theory that predicts delayed development when non-density dependent mortality is low, i.e. in closed habitats, and with the "risk aversion" hypothesis for frugivorous species as a means to avert starvation. Furthermore, the results highlight the complexity and plasticity of hominoid/hominin development.
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Late Neandertal neural growth pattern exhibits a degree of modularity relative to dental development, something also detected in gorillas.
“Altogether these findings suggest that late Neandertal neural growth pattern exhibits a degree of modularity relative to dental development, something also detected in gorillas (38).”
From The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain) (2017) · cites this paper as [38]
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- [58]Kuykendall KL, Conroy GC (1996) Permanent tooth calcification in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Patterns and polymorphisms. Am J Phys Anthrop 99: 159– 174. 8928717
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Life-history theory in psychology and evolutionary biology: one research programme or two?
Nettle, D., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0490 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The evolution of life-history theory: a bibliometric analysis of an interdisciplinary research area
Nettle, D., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0040 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Direct evidence for human reliance on rainforest resources in late Pleistocene Sri Lanka
Roberts, P., Perera, N., Wedage, O., Deraniyagala, S. U., Perera, J., Eregama, S. K., Gledhill, A., Petraglia, M. D., & Lee‐Thorp, J. A. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa1230 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationThe growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain)
Rosas, A., Ríos, L., Estalrrich, A., Liversidge, H., García-Tabernero, A., Huguet, R., Cardoso, H., Bastir, M., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan6463 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The stable isotope ecology of Pan in Uganda and beyond
Loudon, J. E., Sandberg, P., Wrangham, R. W., Fahey, B. P., & Sponheimer, M. (2016) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22552 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tropical forests and the genus Homo
Roberts, P., Boivin, N. L., Lee‐Thorp, J. A., Petraglia, M. D., & Stock, J. T. (2016) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21508 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationVariability in the developmental life history of the genusGorilla
Stoinski, T. S., Perdue, B. M., Breuer, T., & Hoff, M. P. (2013) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22301 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dental fast track: Prenatal enamel growth, incisor eruption, and weaning in human infants
Mahoney, P. (2014) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22666 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Roberts, P., Blumenthal, S. A., Dittus, W. P. J., Wedage, O., & Lee‐Thorp, J. A. (2017) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22656 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationStable isotopic variation in tropical forest plants for applications in primatology
Blumenthal, S. A., Rothman, J. M., Chritz, K. L., & Cerling, T. E. (2015) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22488 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Schoeninger, M. J., Most, C. A., Moore, J., & Somerville, A. D. (2015) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22496 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Larsen, T., Fernandes, R., Wang, Y. V., & Roberts, P. (2022) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biac028 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Oelze, V. M. (2015) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22497 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Reitsema, L. J., Partrick, K. A., & MUIR, A. B. (2015) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22456 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Isotopic equifinality and rethinking the diet of Australopithecus anamensis
Quinn, R. L. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23846 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Comparative isotope ecology of African great apes
Oelze, V. M., Fahy, G. E., Hohmann, G., Robbins, M. M., Leinert, V., Lee, K. C., Eshuis, H., Seiler, N., Wessling, E. G., Head, J. S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.08.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Advances in primate stable isotope ecology—Achievements and future prospects
Crowley, B. E., Reitsema, L. J., Oelze, V. M., & Sponheimer, M. (2015) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22510 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wessling, E. G., Oelze, V. M., Eshuis, H., Pruetz, J. D., & Kühl, H. S. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23782 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic offsets between diet and hair/feces in captive chimpanzees
Tsutaya, T., Yui, F., Hayashi, M., Yoneda, M., & Miyabe‐Nishiwaki, T. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7760 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Feeding ecology of alpine chamois living in sympatry with other ruminant species
Andreoli, E., Roncoroni, C., Gusmeroli, F., Marianna, G. D., Giacometti, G., Heroldová, M., Barbieri, S., & Mattiello, S. (2016) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00153 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Correia, M. A., Foley, R., O’Connell, T. C., Rozzi, F. V. R., & Lahr, M. M. (2019) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.8524 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tertiary Dentine Frequencies in Extant Great Apes and Fossil Hominins
Towle, I. (2019) · Open Quaternary · doi:10.5334/oq.48 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Malone, M., MacLatchy, L., Mitani, J. C., Kityo, R., & Kingston, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103062 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Loudon, J. E., Wakefield, M. L., Kimel, H. M., Waller, M. T., Hickmott, A. J., White, F. J., & Sponheimer, M. (2019) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.12616 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jiang, Q., Zhao, L., Guo, L., & Hu, Y. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24300 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Skeletal and dental development in a sub‐adult western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Joganic, J. L. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22841 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Oelze, V. M., O'Neal, I., Wittig, R. M., Kupczik, K., Schulz‐Kornas, E., & Hohmann, G. (2022) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23436 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dean, C., Lim, S.-Y., & Liversidge, H. M. (2022) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105549 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Macho, G. A. (2016) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.022 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAmelogenesis imperfecta in the dentition of a wild chimpanzee
Towle, I., Irish, J. D., & Groote, I. D. (2017) · Journal of Medical Primatology · doi:10.1111/jmp.12323 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Periapical lesions in hominids: Abscesses on the maxilla of a 2 million‐year‐old early Homo specimen
Towle, I., & Irish, J. D. (2019) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.2806 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Do rates of dental wear in extant African great apes inform the time of weaning?
Romero, A., Pérez‐Pérez, A., Atiénzar, G. G., Martínez, L. M., & Macho, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103126 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationConservation: New Potential for Stable Isotope Analysis?
Loudon, J. E., & Sponheimer, M. (2016) · Developments in primatology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Monitoring European pine martens (Martes martes) in Scottish forested landscapes
Kubasiewicz, L. M. (2014) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
(Re)Discovering Ancient Hominin Environments
Beasley, M. M., & Schoeninger, M. J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569125.011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Application of Stable Isotope Analyses to Primate Ecology: A Review
Tsutaya, T. (2018) · Primate Research · doi:10.2354/psj.34.001
The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain)
Rosas, A., Ríos, L., Estalrrich, A., Liversidge, H. M., García‐Tabernero, A., Huguet, R., Cardoso, H. F. V., Bastir, M., Lalueza‐Fox, C., & de la Rasilla, M. (2018) · Yearbook of pediatric endocrinology · doi:10.1530/ey.15.15.17
Tsutaya, T., Aruga, N., Ishikawa, N. F., Sasaki, Y., Kitayama, H., Yoneda, M., Ogawa, N. O., Ohkouchi, N., & Hashimoto, C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.15.658141
Tsutaya, T., Aruga, N., Ishikawa, N. F., Sasaki, Y., Kitayama, H., Yoneda, M., Ogawa, N. O., Ohkouchi, N., & Hashimoto, C. (2026) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.70114
da Costa, L. S., Bovendorp, R. S., Teixeira, D. S., Camargo, P. B., & Oelze, V. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2026.1893225
- Authors
- Macho, G. A., & Lee-Thorp, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Macho, Gabriele A.
- ORCID
- Macho, Gabriele A.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-07-23
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e102794
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4108342
- OpenAlex
- W2093972186
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 9.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Leakey Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- resource partitioning, Gorilla gorilla, chimpanzees, brain development, tooth mineralization, tooth eruption, stable isotopes, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, hair isotopes, weaning, feeding ecology, frugivory, developmental timing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cameroon, Carbon Isotopes, Pan troglodytes, Diet, Ecology, Biological Evolution, Female, Geography, Gorilla gorilla, Hair, Life Cycle Stages, Male, Molar, Nitrogen Isotopes, Tooth Calcification, Tooth Eruption, Hominidae, Ecosystem
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