Life History Invariants: Some Explorations of Symmetry in Evolutionary Ecology
Abstract
In this book, Eric Charnov uses ideas about symmetry, invariance, and scaling laws to explore aspects of population dynamics and the evolution of male and female life histories. Charnov's work is internationally known and will attract great interest among postgraduate students and researchers in ecology, evolution, behaviour, and many other fields within organismal biology.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the Charnov model, any factor that decreases adult mortality, such as large adult body mass, sociality, or a low-predation environment, favors delayed maturation.
“In this model, any factor that decreases adult mortality, such as large adult body mass, sociality, or a low-predation environment, favors delayed maturation.”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adaptation, Plasticity, and Extinction in a Changing Environment: Towards a Predictive Theory
Chevin, L., Lande, R., & Mace, G. M. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000357 · Cited by 1,968 · see citing works
Ellis (2009) · doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7 · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies
Sinervo, B., & Lively, C. M. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380240a0 · Cited by 1,563 · see citing works
Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories
Hawkes, K., O’Connell, J. F., Jones, N. G. B., Alvarez, H., & Charnov, E. L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.1336 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Self-citationBody mass in comparative primatology
Smith, R. J., & Jungers, W. L. (1997) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0122 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
A general model for ontogenetic growth
West, G. B., Brown, J. H., & Enquist, B. J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35098076 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Extinction vulnerability in marine populations
Dulvy, N., Sadovy, Y., & Reynolds, J. (2003) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00105.x · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Timing of pubertal maturation in girls: an integrated life history approach
Ellis, B. J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.920 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Effects of Body Size and Temperature on Population Growth
Savage, V. M., Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., & Charnov, E. L. (2004) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/381872 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Self-citationAllometric scaling of plant energetics and population density
Enquist, B. J., Brown, J. H., & West, G. B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25977 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Delton, A. W., & Robertson, T. E. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022403 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
West, G. B., & Brown, J. H. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01589 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
The physiological costs of reproduction in small mammals
Speakman, J. R. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2145 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Allometric scaling of production and life-history variation in vascular plants
Enquist, B. J., West, G. B., Charnov, E. L., & Brown, J. H. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44819 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationSeed size and plant strategy across the whole life cycle
Moles, A. T., & Westoby, M. (2006) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14194.x · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Wrangham, Jones, Laden, Pilbeam, & Conklin-Brittain (1999) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.2307/3596391 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Moles, A. T., Ackerly, D. D., Webb, C. O., Tweddle, J. C., Dickie, J., & Westoby, M. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104863 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management
Foster, S. J., & Vincent, A. C. J. (2004) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00429.x · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Life History Traits in Humans: Theory and Empirical Studies
Hill, K. R., & Kaplan, H. S. (1999) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.397 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life‐history traits
de Magalhães, J. P., & Costa, J. S. (2009) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01783.x · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity
Hawkes, K. (2003) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.10156 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Hau, M. (2007) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20524 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Population Dynamics of Pathogens with Multiple Host Species
Dobson, A. P. (2004) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/424681 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
An explanatory framework for adaptive personality differences
Wolf, M., & Weissing, F. J. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0215 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Analyzing adaptive strategies: Human behavioral ecology at twenty-five
Winterhalder, B. P., & Smith, E. A. (2000) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(2000)9:2 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosystem effects of fishing
Shin, Y., Rochet, M.-J., Jennings, S., Field, J. G., & Gislason, H. (2005) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.01.004 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Fincher, C. L., & Thornhill, R. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000021 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Then, A. Y., Hoenig, J. M., Hall, N. G., Hewitt, D. A., & Jardim, H. E. E. (2014) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu136 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation
Jennings, S., Reynolds, J. D., & Mills, S. C. (1998) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0300 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Lorenzen, K., & Enberg, K. (2002) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1853 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Jennings, S., Greenstreet, S. P. R., & Reynolds, J. D. (1999) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00312.x · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Brumbach, B. H., Figueredo, A. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2009) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9059-3 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Moles, A. T., Ackerly, D. D., Tweddle, J. C., et al. (2006) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00259.x · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Beyond Risk and Protective Factors: An Adaptation-Based Approach to Resilience
Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617693054 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Biology of extinction risk in marine fishes
Reynolds, J. D., Dulvy, N. K., Goodwin, N. B., & Hutchings, J. A. (2005) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3281 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Mortality rates among wild chimpanzees
Hill, K. R., Boesch, C., Goodall, J. R., Pusey, A. E., Williams, J. M., & Wrangham, R. W. (2001) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0469 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Unifying evolutionary dynamics: From individual stochastic processes to macroscopic models
Champagnat, N., Ferrière, R., & Méléard, S. (2006) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2005.10.004 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Jennings, S., Pinnegar, J. K., Polunin, N. V. C., & Boon, T. (2001) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00552.x · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Destro‐Bisol, G., Giardina, B., Sansonetti, B., & Spedini, G. (1996) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(1996)23+ · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Size, growth, temperature and the natural mortality of marine fish
Gislason, H., Daan, N., Rice, J. C., & Pope, J. G. (2010) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2009.00350.x · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Kuzawa, C. W. (2004) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20091 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Why do female primates have such long lifespans and so few babies?<i>or</i>Life in the slow lane
Charnov, E. L., & Berrigan, D. (1993) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.1360010604 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationThe fractal nature of nature: power laws, ecological complexity and biodiversity
Brown, J. H., Gupta, V. K., Li, B.-L., Milne, B. T., Restrepo, C., & West, G. B. (2002) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0993 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
The Fast-Slow Continuum in Mammalian Life History: An Empirical Reevaluation
Bielby, J., Mace, G. M., Bininda‐Emonds, O. R. P., Cardillo, M., Gittleman, J. L., Jones, K. E., Orme, C. D. L., & Purvis, A. (2007) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/516847 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Scaling and power-laws in ecological systems
Marquet, P. A., Quiñones, R. A., Abades, S. R., Labra, F. A., Tognelli, M. F., Arim, M., & Rivadeneira, M. M. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01588 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
Brown, J. L., & Choe, J. C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20838-8 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Behavioral Ecology and Archaeology
Bird, D. W., & O’Connell, J. F. (2006) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-006-9003-6 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Leg Length, Body Proportion, and Health: A Review with a Note on Beauty
Bogin, B. A., & Varela‐Silva, M. I. (2010) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph7031047 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Early stress predicts age at menarche and first birth, adult attachment, and expected lifespan
Chisholm, J. S., Quinlivan, J. A., Petersen, R. W., & Coall, D. A. (2005) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-005-1009-0 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Evolution of Human Parental Behavior and the Human Family
Geary, D. C., & Flinn, M. V. (2001) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2001.9681209 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Capital breeding and income breeding: their meaning, measurement, and worth
Stephens, P. A., Boyd, I. L., McNamara, J. M., & Houston, A. I. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-1369.1 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Hominin life history: reconstruction and evolution
Robson, S. L., & Wood, B. (2008) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00867.x · Cited by 374 · see citing works
de Magalhães, J. P., Costa, J. S., & Church, G. M. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.2.149 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Moles, A. T., Falster, D. S., Leishman, M. R., et al. (2004) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00880.x · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Interpreting the von Bertalanffy model of somatic growth in fishes: the cost of reproduction
Lester, N. P., Shuter, B. J., & Abrams, P. A. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2778 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Life history theory and the immune system: Steps toward a human ecological immunology
McDade, T. W. (2003) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10398 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Cell size as a link between noncoding DNA and metabolic rate scaling
Kozłowski, J., Konarzewski, M., & Gawelczyk, A. T. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2334605100 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Factors that shape seed mass evolution
Moles, A. T., Ackerly, D. D., Webb, C. O., Tweddle, J. C., Dickie, J., Pitman, A. J., & Westoby, M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501473102 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Development of predator defences in fishes
Fuiman, L. A., & Magurran, A. E. (1994) · Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.1007/bf00044127 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Life history theory and evolutionary anthropology
Hill, K. R. (1993) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.1360020303 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Evolution in the hypervariable environment of Madagascar
Dewar, R. E., & Richard, A. F. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704346104 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Life History Theory and Evolutionary Psychology
Kaplan, H. S., & Gangestad, S. W. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9780470939376.ch2 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Predicting Extinction Vulnerability in Skates
Dulvy, N. K., & Reynolds, J. D. (2002) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00416.x · Cited by 327 · see citing works
The evolutionary ecology of attachment organization
Chisholm, J. S. (1996) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/bf02733488 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Family environments, adrenarche and sexual maturation: a longitudinal test of a life history model
Ellis, B. J., & Essex, M. J. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01092.x · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Common birds facing global changes: what makes a species at risk?
Julliard, R., Jiguet, F., & Couvet, D. (2003) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00723.x · Cited by 320 · see citing works
An Evolutionary Life History Framework for Psychopathology
Giudice, M. D. (2014) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.884918 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Fish abundance with no fishing: predictions based on macroecological theory
Jennings, S., & Blanchard, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00839.x · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Housworth, E. A., Martins, E. P., & Lynch, M. (2004) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/380570 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Asymptotic Size Determines Species Abundance in the Marine Size Spectrum
Andersen, K. H., & Beyer, J. E. (2006) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/504849 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Evolutionary ecology of human life history
Mace, R. H. (2000) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1287 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Constitutive innate immunity is a component of the pace-of-life syndrome in tropical birds
Tieleman, B. I., Williams, J. B., Ricklefs, R. E., & Klasing, K. C. (2005) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3155 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Corticosterone, testosterone and life-history strategies of birds
Hau, M., Ricklefs, R. E., Wikelski, M. C., Lee, K. A., & Brawn, J. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0673 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Feener, D. H., & Brown, B. V. (1997) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.73 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Effects of body size and lifestyle on evolution of mammal life histories
Sibly, R. M., & Brown, J. H. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707725104 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Surprisingly rapid growth in Neanderthals
Ramirez Rozzi, F. V., & Bermudez de Castro, J. M. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02428 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Kaplan, H. S., & Robson, A. J. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.152502899 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE EVOLUTION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL RATES IN PASSERINES
Remeš, V., & Martin, T. E. (2002) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00175.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Lande, R., Engen, S., & Sæther, B. (1999) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/303240 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Evolution of morphological allometry
Pélabon, C., Firmat, C., Bolstad, G. H., Voje, K. L., Houle, D., Cassara, J. A., Rouzic, A. L., & Hansen, T. F. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12470 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes
Dulvy, N. K., Ellis, J. R., Goodwin, N. B., Grant, A., Reynolds, J. D., & Jennings, S. (2004) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2679.2004.00158.x · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Metabolic acceleration and the evolution of human brain size and life history
Pontzer, H., Brown, M. H., Raichlen, D. A., Dunsworth, H. M., Hare, B. A., Walker, K. K., Luke, A. H., Dugas, L. R., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Schoeller, D. A., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17654 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Unexpected patterns of fisheries collapse in the world's oceans
Pinsky, M. L., Jensen, O. P., Ricard, D., & Palumbi, S. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015313108 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Hawkes, K. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/428128a · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Trawling disturbance can modify benthic production processes
Jennings, S., Dinmore, T. A., Duplisea, D. E., Warr, K. J., & Lancaster, J. (2001) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00504.x · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Gurven, M., Kaplan, H. S., & Gutierrez, M. (2006) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.05.003 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Simple life-history traits explain key effective population size ratios across diverse taxa
Waples, R. S., Luikart, G., Faulkner, J. R., & Tallmon, D. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1339 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Attachment, mating, and parenting
Belsky, J. (1997) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/bf02913039 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Why evolutionary biologists should be demographers
Metcalf, C. J. E., & Pavard, S. (2006) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.12.001 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Characteristic Sizes of Life in the Oceans, from Bacteria to Whales*
Andersen, K. H., Berge, T., Gonçalves, R. J., Hartvig, M., Heuschele, J., Hylander, S., Jacobsen, N. S., Lindemann, C., Martens, E. A., Neuheimer, A. B., et al. (2015) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-034144 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Sexual size dimorphism in mammals
Lindenfors, P., Gittleman, J. L., & Jones, K. E. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208784.003.0003 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Conservation benefits of marine reserves for fish populations
Mosquera, I., Côté, I. M., Jennings, S., & Reynolds, J. D. (2000) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00117.x · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Plasticity in Human Life History Strategy
Kuzawa, C. W., & Bragg, J. M. (2012) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/667410 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Life history trade-offs explain the evolution of human pygmies
Migliano, A. B., Vinicius, L., & Lahr, M. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0708024105 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Thermodynamic and metabolic effects on the scaling of production and population energy use
Ernest, S. K. M., Enquist, B. J., Brown, J. H., Charnov, E. L., Gillooly, J. F., Savage, V. M., White, E. P., Smith, F. A., Hadly, E. A., Haskell, J. P., et al. (2003) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00526.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationLife–history correlates of maximum population growth rates in marine fishes
Denney, N. H., Jennings, S., & Reynolds, J. D. (2002) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2138 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
A Framework for Elucidating the Temperature Dependence of Fitness
Amarasekare, P., & Savage, V. M. (2012) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/663677 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
On the Vegetative Biomass Partitioning of Seed Plant Leaves, Stems, and Roots
Niklas, K. J., & Enquist, B. J. (2002) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/339459 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Richard, A. F., Dewar, R. E., Schwartz, M., & Ratsirarson, J. (2002) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s0952836902000468 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Evolution of Infant and Young Child Feeding: Implications for Contemporary Public Health
Sellen, D. (2007) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092557 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
- Authors
- Charnov, E. L.
- Corresponding author
- Charnov, Eric L
- Publisher
- Oxford University PressOxford
- Published
- 1993-07-22
- OpenAlex
- W4388299665
- Cited by
- 1,254
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 44.90
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- symmetry, invariance, scaling laws, population dynamics, sex differences, organismal biology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
