Hominin life history: reconstruction and evolution
Open accessAbstract
In this review we attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history of hominin life history from extant and fossil evidence. We utilize demographic life history theory and distinguish life history variables, traits such as weaning, age at sexual maturity, and life span, from life history‐related variables such as body mass, brain growth, and dental development. The latter are either linked with, or can be used to make inferences about, life history, thus providing an opportunity for estimating life history parameters in fossil taxa. We compare the life history variables of modern great apes and identify traits that are likely to be shared by the last common ancestor of Pan‐Homo and those likely to be derived in hominins. All great apes exhibit slow life histories and we infer this to be true of the last common ancestor of Pan‐Homo and the stem hominin. Modern human life histories are even slower, exhibiting distinctively long post‐menopausal life spans and later ages at maturity, pointing to a reduction in adult mortality since the Pan‐Homo split. We suggest that lower adult mortality, distinctively short interbirth intervals, and early weaning characteristic of modern humans are derived features resulting from cooperative breeding. We evaluate the fidelity of three life history‐related variables, body mass, brain growth and dental development, with the life history parameters of living great apes. We found that body mass is the best predictor of great ape life history events. Brain growth trajectories and dental development and eruption are weakly related proxies and inferences from them should be made with caution. We evaluate the evidence of life history‐related variables available for extinct species and find that prior to the transitional hominins there is no evidence of any hominin taxon possessing a body size, brain size or aspects of dental development much different from what we assume to be the primitive life history pattern for the Pan‐Homo clade. Data for life history‐related variables among the transitional hominin grade are consistent and none agrees with a modern human pattern. Aside from mean body mass, adult brain size, crown and root formation times, and the timing and sequence of dental eruption of Homo erectus are inconsistent with that of modern humans.Homo antecessor fossil material suggests a brain size similar to that of Homo erectus s. s.,and crown formation times that are not yet modern, though there is some evidence of modern human‐like timing of tooth formation and eruption. The body sizes, brain sizes, and dental development of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis are consistent with a modern human life history but samples are too small to be certain that they have life histories within the modern human range. As more life history‐related variable information for hominin species accumulates we are discovering that they can also have distinctive life histories that do not conform to any living model. At least one extinct hominin subclade,Paranthropus, has a pattern of dental life history‐related variables that most likely set it apart from the life histories of both modern humans and chimpanzees.
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On average, modern humans achieve 90% of adult brain weight by 5 years old and 95% by 7 years.
“On average, modern humans achieve 90% of adult brain weight by 5 years old (15), and 95% by 7 years (16).”
From The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain) (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
A slower pace of growth provides an opportunity for shifts in both the rate and timing of brain growth.
“Moreover, a slower pace of growth provides an opportunity for shifts in both the rate and timing of brain growth(4-6, 15).”
From The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain) (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Robson, S. L., & Wood, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robson, Shannen L.
- Venue
- Journal of Anatomy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 212
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 394-425
- ISSN
- 0021-8782 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7580
- PMC
- PMC2409099
- OpenAlex
- W2096284593
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 273
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 21.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Anatomy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- George Washington University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- life history evolution, weaning age, age at sexual maturity, lifespan, adult mortality, birth interval, cooperative breeding, great apes, body mass, brain growth, tooth development, tooth eruption timing, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis, Neanderthals
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anthropology, Physical, Brain, Dentition, Biological Evolution, Life Cycle Stages, Reproduction, Hominidae
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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