Localization and functional characterization of a novel adipokinetic hormone in the mollusk, Aplysia californica
Open accessAbstract
Increasing evidence suggests that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), corazonin, adipokinetic hormone (AKH), and red pigment-concentrating hormone all share common ancestry to form a GnRH superfamily. Despite the wide presence of these peptides in protostomes, their biological effects remain poorly characterized in many taxa. This study had three goals. First, we cloned the full-length sequence of a novel AKH, termed Aplysia-AKH, and examined its distribution in an opisthobranch mollusk, Aplysia californica. Second, we investigated in vivo biological effects of Aplysia-AKH. Lastly, we compared the effects of Aplysia-AKH to a related A. californica peptide, Aplysia-GnRH. Results suggest that Aplysia-AKH mRNA and peptide are localized exclusively in central tissues, with abdominal, cerebral, and pleural ganglia being the primary sites of Aplysia-AKH production. However, Aplysia-AKH-positive fibers were found in all central ganglia, suggesting diverse neuromodulatory roles. Injections of A. californica with Aplysia-AKH significantly inhibited feeding, reduced body mass, increased excretion of feces, and reduced gonadal mass and oocyte diameter. The in vivo effects of Aplysia-AKH differed substantially from Aplysia-GnRH. Overall, the distribution and biological effects of Aplysia-AKH suggest it has diverged functionally from Aplysia-GnRH over the course of evolution. Further, that both Aplysia-AKH and Aplysia-GnRH failed to activate reproduction suggest the critical role of GnRH as a reproductive activator may be a phenomenon unique to vertebrates.
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GnRH-like peptides affect body mass and feeding in Aplysia, while in Drosophila, both CRZ and AKH regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as feeding and stress response.
“In addition, GnRH-like peptides affect body mass and feeding in Aplysia (36, 37), while in Drosophila, both CRZ and AKH regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (38–41), as well as feeding (41, 42) and stress response (43, 44).”
From Corazonin signaling integrates energy homeostasis and lunar phase to regulate aspects of growth and sexual maturation in <i>Platynereis</i> (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Johnson, J. I., Kavanaugh, S. I., Nguyen, C., & Tsai, P.-S.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tsai, Pei-San
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-08-27
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e106014
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4146582
- OpenAlex
- W2092667036
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0743818)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- adipokinetic hormone, Aplysia californica, neuropeptide localization, neuromodulation, feeding inhibition, body mass reduction, fecal excretion, oocyte size, functional divergence, peptide evolution
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Aplysia, Base Sequence, Body Weight, Feeding Behavior, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligopeptides, Oocytes, Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid, RNA, Messenger, Gene Expression, Ganglia, Invertebrate, Evolution, Molecular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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